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perform

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishparformen,performen(“to perform”), fromAnglo-Normanperformer,parfourmer, alteration ofOld Frenchparfornir,parfurnir(“to complete, accomplish, perform”), frompar- +fornir,furnir(“to accomplish, furnish”), fromFrankish*frummjan(“to accomplish, furnish”), fromProto-Germanic*frumjaną,*framjaną(“to further, promote”), fromProto-Indo-European*promo-(“in front, forth”),*per-(“forward, out”). Cognate withOld High Germanfrummen(“to do, execute, accomplish, provide”),Old Saxonfrummian(“to perform, promote”),Old Englishfremman(“to perform, execute, carry out, accomplish”). See alsoframe,from. Modernly, rather than Proto-Germanic*frumjaną, associated with Latinformō, analyzable asper- +form.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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perform (third-person singular simple presentperforms,present participleperforming,simple past and past participleperformed)

  1. (transitive) Todo (something); toexecute.
    The scientistsperformed several experiments.
    It took him only twenty minutes toperform the task.
    • 2013 July-August,Lee S. Langston, “The Adaptable Gas Turbine”, inAmerican Scientist:
      Turbines have been around for a long time—windmills and water wheels are early examples. The name comes from the Latinturbo, meaningvortex, and thus the defining property of a turbine is that a fluid or gas turns the blades of a rotor, which is attached to a shaft that canperform useful work.
  2. (intransitive) To exhibit an expected pattern of behavior; to function; to work.
    The new employeeperforms well.
    • 2003, “P.I.M.P.”, inGet Rich or Die Tryin', performed by50 Cent:
      I could care less how sheperform when she in the bed
    1. (sexology, uncommon) Of a man, to be able toinitiate orfulfill anact ofsexual intercourse.
  3. (law) To act in a way set forth in a contract.
    1. (transitive) To act in accordance with (a contract); to fulfill one’s terms of (a contract).
      Failure toperform a contract on time may constitute abreach of contract.
    2. (intransitive) To fulfill contractually agreed-to terms.
      They entered into an agreement and now they are obliged toperform.
  4. (ambitransitive) To do (something) in front of an audience, such as acting or music, often in order to entertain.
    She willperform in the play.
    The magicianperformed badly—none of his tricks worked.
    The string quartetperformed three pieces by Haydn.
  5. (by extension, transitive) To behave theatrically so as to give the impression of (a quality, character trait, etc.); to feign.
    The accused onlyperformed remorse.
    • 2021, David Edgerton, “The one good thing to come out of Brexit: a bonfire of national illusions”, inThe Guardian‎[1]:
      As things now stand, Brexit is a pointless gesture, a politics of headlines in which sovereignty isperformed by bleating world-beating absurdities.
  6. (social sciences) Of asocialactor, to behave in certain ways.
    1. (transitive) To behave in accordance with, and thereby in turn shape, (a social notion or role).
      performauthority
      • 2022 September 9, Sophie Gilbert, “No One Performed Britishness Better Than Her Majesty”, inThe Atlantic‎[2]:
        Even before her seven decades as monarch began, sheperformed Britishness more intuitively than anyone ever had, or likely ever will again.
    2. (intransitive) To behave in ways that carry meaning in social contexts.
      Individuals in societiesperform all the time.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofperform
infinitive(to)perform
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingularperformperformed
2nd-personsingularperform,performest†performed,performedst†
3rd-personsingularperforms,performeth†performed
pluralperform
subjunctiveperformperformed
imperativeperform—
participlesperformingperformed

Derived terms

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Translations

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transitive: to do (something)—see alsocarry out,‎conduct
intransitive: to exhibit an expected pattern of behavior
law: to act in accordance with
law: to fulfill contractually agreed-to terms
to do something in front of an audience
to behave theatrically, to feign
social science: to behave in accordance with
social science: to behave in ways that carry meaning

See also

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References

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  1. ^Venezky, Richard L. (1999), “The Sound System”, inThe American Way of Soelling, Guilford Publications,→ISBN, page71: “Today metathesis principally occurs in substandard pronunciations, such aspreform forperform andpercipitation forprecipitation.”

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Swahili

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing fromEnglishperform.

Verb

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-perform (infinitivekuperform)

  1. (Sheng) toperform

Conjugation

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Conjugation of-perform
Positive present-naperform
Subjunctive-perform
Negative-perform
Imperative singularperform
Infinitives
Positivekuperform
Negativekutoperform
Imperatives
Singularperform
Pluralperformni
Tensed forms
Habitualhuperform
Positive pastpositive subject concord + -liperform
Negative pastnegative subject concord + -kuperform
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naperform)
SingularPlural
1st personninaperform/naperformtunaperform
2nd personunaperformmnaperform
3rd personm-wa(I/II)anaperformwanaperform
other classespositive subject concord + -naperform
Negative present (negative subject concord + -perform)
SingularPlural
1st personsiperformhatuperform
2nd personhuperformhamperform
3rd personm-wa(I/II)haperformhawaperform
other classesnegative subject concord + -perform
Positive futurepositive subject concord + -taperform
Negative futurenegative subject concord + -taperform
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -perform)
SingularPlural
1st personniperformtuperform
2nd personuperformmperform
3rd personm-wa(I/II)aperformwaperform
other classespositive subject concord + -perform
Negative subjunctivepositive subject concord + -siperform
Positive present conditionalpositive subject concord + -ngeperform
Negative present conditionalpositive subject concord + -singeperform
Positive past conditionalpositive subject concord + -ngaliperform
Negative past conditionalpositive subject concord + -singaliperform
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aperform)
SingularPlural
1st personnaperformtwaperform
2nd personwaperformmwaperform
3rd personm-wa(I/II)aperformwaperform
m-mi(III/IV)waperformyaperform
ji-ma(V/VI)laperformyaperform
ki-vi(VII/VIII)chaperformvyaperform
n(IX/X)yaperformzaperform
u(XI)waperformseen(X) orma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII)kwaperform
pa(XVI)paperform
mu(XVIII)mwaperform
Perfectpositive subject concord + -meperform
"Already"positive subject concord + -meshaperform
"Not yet"negative subject concord + -japerform
"If/When"positive subject concord + -kiperform
"If not"positive subject concord + -sipoperform
Consecutivekaperform /positive subject concord + -kaperform
Consecutive subjunctivepositive subject concord + -kaperform
Object concord (indicative positive)
SingularPlural
1st person-niperform-tuperform
2nd person-kuperform-waperform/-kuperformni/-waperformni
3rd personm-wa(I/II)-mperform-waperform
m-mi(III/IV)-uperform-iperform
ji-ma(V/VI)-liperform-yaperform
ki-vi(VII/VIII)-kiperform-viperform
n(IX/X)-iperform-ziperform
u(XI)-uperformseen(X) orma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII)-kuperform
pa(XVI)-paperform
mu(XVIII)-muperform
Reflexive-jiperform
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -perform- +relative marker)
SingularPlural
m-wa(I/II)-performye-performo
m-mi(III/IV)-performo-performyo
ji-ma(V/VI)-performlo-performyo
ki-vi(VII/VIII)-performcho-performvyo
n(IX/X)-performyo-performzo
u(XI)-performoseen(X) orma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII)-performko
pa(XVI)-performpo
mu(XVIII)-performmo
Other forms (subject concord +tense marker +relative marker + (object concord) + -perform)
SingularPlural
m-wa(I/II)-yeperform-operform
m-mi(III/IV)-operform-yoperform
ji-ma(V/VI)-loperform-yoperform
ki-vi(VII/VIII)-choperform-vyoperform
n(IX/X)-yoperform-zoperform
u(XI)-operformseen(X) orma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII)-koperform
pa(XVI)-poperform
mu(XVIII)-moperform
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. SeeAppendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
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