Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Jump to content
WiktionaryThe Free Dictionary
Search

per se

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:perse,Perse,persé,andpërse

English

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Borrowed fromLatinper(by itself), fromper(by, through) and(itself, himself, herself, themselves).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adverb

[edit]

per se (notcomparable)

  1. Withoutdetermination by orinvolvement ofextraneousfactors; by its very nature.
    Synonyms:by itself,in itself,in and of itself,as such(in certain senses),sui generis(occasionally, in one of its senses)
    Near-synonyms:by definition,by nature,essentially,in essence,ipso facto,intrinsically;see alsoThesaurus:intrinsically
    Some people say that a hangover is caused by impurities in the drink, not by the alcoholper se.
    • c.1602 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies [] (First Folio), London: [] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:
      They say he is a very manper se,
      And stands alone.
    • 1877, Walter Henry Hill,Elements of Philosophy: Comprising Logic and Ontology Or General Metaphysics, page220:
      A proposition isper se known as regards itself , but notper se known as regards us, when it has no medium of proof a priori, nor is its truth directly and immediately evident to us on first apprehending the terms.
    • 1909, Emlin McClain,A Digest of Decisions of the Supreme Court of Iowa: From the Organization of the Territory Until the End of January, 1908 ..., page3672:
      What words actionable. to subject the offender to contempt, and deprive him of public confidence, and to accuse one who is a notary public of procuring a false affidavit to be made before him is libelous and actionableper se.
    • 1941,George Ryley Scott,Phallic Worship: A History of Sex and Sex Rites in Relation to the Religions of All Races from Antiquity to the Present Day, London: T. Werner Laurie, page vi:
      Always have the greatest excesses and the most reprehensible practices been committed when backed up by or given the sanction of religion. But all this represents no derogation of the original phallic cultper se. It merely proves that the gods have always been what we have made them.
    • 2007, Tima Smith,Per Se: An Anthology of Fiction, page176:
      It's not that I've got anything against kidsper se, but I believe in discipline.
  2. (nonstandard, more loosely, chiefly in the negative) In a true or literal sense; as one would expect from the name or description.
    Synonyms:exactly,strictly speaking,sensu stricto,stricto sensu,truly
    It's not a museumper se, but they do have some interesting artefacts.
    • a. 1998, anonymous conversationalists, quoted in, 1998, Tom Chiarella,Writing Dialogue, Story Press,→ISBN, page 12:
      I take photographs. But I'm not a photographer.
      Per se.
      Right. Notper se.
      Right.
    • 2012 March 22, Pamela Burnard,Musical Creativities in Practice, Oxford University Press,→ISBN, page202:
      It's not a race against the competitionper se: that's not how it feels to me when I'm working on a project.
    • 2012, Tes Hilaire,Deliver Me From Temptation: A Novel of the Paladin Warriors:
      Annoyed, frustrated, edgy, but not angryper se.
    • 2013 February 12, Kjell-Ake Nordquist,Gods and Arms: On Religion and Armed Conflict, Wipf and Stock Publishers,→ISBN, page70:
      As we shall see, since the 1960s, the ELN, although not a religious movementper se, represents an interesting amalgam of beliefs that helped serve in recruitment, commitment, and identification of a revolutionary belief and ritual.
    • 2015, Thomas Goltz,Georgia Diary: A Chronicle of War and Political Chaos in the ...:
      Through this lingual haze we quickly established that Suleyman was a member of “Batono” Abashidze's personal militia, but not a policemanper se
    • 2016 September 19, Karen Karbo,Motherhood Made a Man Out of Me: A Novel, Hawthorne Books,→ISBN:
      What she meant was, It's not a babyper se. It's a He-bean (she was already certain the bean was a boy).
    • 2017 May 22, Stephen Pimpare,Ghettos, Tramps, and Welfare Queens: Down and Out on the Silver Screen, Oxford University Press,→ISBN:
      He sells a story, flirts with a waitress, looks handsome, has writer's block, and feels sorry for himself, but it's not a story about the Depressionper se: it could be set in any time period, almost anywhere.
    • 2021 October 27, Jeanne Sahadi, “How stablecoin is different than other cryptocurrencies … and how it’s not”, inCNN[1]:
      There is no legal federal framework yet for how to regulate stablecoinsper se.
  3. (philosophy) As theprinciple of its owndetermination andpositing itself.
    • 1988, J. van Rijen,Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities, page137:
      Everything not applyingper se in one of these two senses is called an accident.
    • a.2005, Jacques Maritain,An EPZ Introduction to Philosophy, A&C Black,→ISBN, page153:
      Peter isper se alive, endowed with intellect, and the faculty of laughter, the artist is per se one who fashions objects. But Peter isper accidens a sufferer from influenza
    • 2015, Gaven Kerr,Aquinas's Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia:
      Thus, unless there exists some being that existsper se, the origination ofesse in a chain of composites itself remains unexplained and quite mysterious. And the existence of a being that existsper se is affirmed through a denial of an infinite regress of essence-esse composites causing other such composites.
    • 2022 October 15, Gaven Kerr,Collected Articles on the Existence of God, BoD – Books on Demand,→ISBN, page218:
      Aquinas rejects this position, because then God would not beper se necessary, but would be necessitated by his own divine nature to create. Hence to beper se necessary, God must be free to create.
  4. (law) Not leavingdiscretion to thejudge totake into accountadditionalfactors that couldrebut thejudgment,deriving thequalification from thestatute.
    Coordinate terms:eo ipso,ipso facto
    The law makes drunk driving illegalper se.
    • 1986,AdministrativePer Se: A Summary of State Forms and Procedures:
      In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrativeper se, NHTSA has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs.

Usage notes

[edit]
  • Because this is originally a Latin phrase, it is sometimes italicized when it is written.
  • Increasingly misspelled by English speakers asper say orpersay.

Derived terms

[edit]

Translations

[edit]
in and of itself
as such; as one would expect from the name

Adjective

[edit]

per se (notcomparable)

  1. (philosophy)Positing itself and being aprinciple of its owndetermination.
    • 1980, Mortimer Adler,How to Prove There Is a God: Mortimer J. Adler's Writings and Thoughts About God, Open Court,→ISBN, page197:
      Hence, God would have to be the immediateper se cause of some natural motions, but not of all. But no known natural motion is without a natural motion as its immediateper se cause.
    • 1988, J. van Rijen,Aspects of Aristotle’s Logic of Modalities, page137:
      Before stating at 74b5ff. that the connection between the subject and predicate of the premisses of scientific inferences must not be accidental butper se, he introduces the technical terms 'about all' ( 'kata pantos') and 'per se' ('kath' hauto ') in order to clarify the meaning of this proviso.
    • 2014, Barrie Fleet,Simplicius: On Aristotle Physics 2, page97:
      Theper se cause of the house is the building skill and the craftsman who exercises it, while theper accidens cause is the fair-skinned or the artistic man. Alexander says: 'Aristotle says that just as anything that exists is one thingper se and anotherper accidens (by “being what it isper se” he means the substance, and by "what isper accidens" he means the attributes of the substance), so a cause is one thingper se and anotherper accidens.
    • 2015, Gaven Kerr,Aquinas's Way to God: The Proof in De Ente et Essentia:
      They hold to the impossibility of an actualper se infinity, because in aper se series the effects have a dependence on their causes, in which case if the series were infinite, the ultimate effect would be dependent on an infinite chain of causes; and since an infinity cannot be traversed, the being of such an effect would never be explained.
  2. (law) That does not leavediscretion to thejudge totake into accountadditionalfactors that couldrebut thejudgment,deriving thequalification from thestatute.
    • 1981, Hugh Laurence Ross,Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey[2], Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, page80:
      Until recently Denmark hesitated to adopt a formalper se law, preferring to give more discretion to its judges, but the general practice was to take blood tests and to convict those accused under the classical law if the blood alcohol concentration was greater than 100 mg./100 ml.
    • 2006, Sheldon Kimmel,How and why thePer Se Rule Against Price-fixing Went Wrong, page 1:
      CBS (441 U.S. 1 [1979]) explains, theper se rule against price-fixing isn't to be taken literally.

References

[edit]

Anagrams

[edit]

Danish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Unadapted borrowing fromLatinper sē.

Adverb

[edit]

per se

  1. per se
    Coordinate terms:i sig selv,som sådan

Further reading

[edit]

Dutch

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]
  • persé(obsolete since spelling reform of 1995)

Etymology

[edit]

FromLatinper(by itself), fromper(by, through) and(itself, himself, herself, themselves).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adverb

[edit]

per se

  1. necessarily,absolutely,without fail
  2. (rare)per se

Usage notes

[edit]

The ‘necessity’ meaning is the usual one; the original Latin meaning as in English is rarely used and can be misunderstood.

Anagrams

[edit]

Latin

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

First attested in the 11th century. Bysurface analysis,per(by, through) +‎(itself, himself, herself, themselves).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adverb

[edit]

per (notcomparable)

  1. (Medieval Latin) by itself; separately; alone

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]

Polish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Unadapted borrowing fromLatinper sē.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): /ˈpɛr ˈsɛ/
  • Syllabification:per se

Preposition

[edit]

per se

  1. (literary)per se(by itself)

Further reading

[edit]
  • per se inWielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • per se in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Unadapted borrowing fromLatinper sē.

Pronunciation

[edit]
 
 

Adverb

[edit]

pér sé (notcomparable)

  1. per se(without considering extraneous factors)

Further reading

[edit]

Spanish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Unadapted borrowing fromLatinper sē.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adverb

[edit]

perse

  1. per se

Further reading

[edit]
  • per se”, inDiccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1,Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish:Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025
  • Manuel Seco; Olimpia Andrés; Gabino Ramos (3 August 2023), “per se”, inDiccionario del español actual [Dictionary of Current Spanish] (in Spanish), third digital edition, Fundación BBVA [BBVA Foundation]
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=per_se&oldid=88806663"
Categories:
Hidden categories:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2026 Movatter.jp