Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani [The clear Qur'an and its explanation translated into the Afar language][3], Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 5:
E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “ni”, inAn Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London,→ISBN
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015),L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[4], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
^Orel, Vladimir E. (2000),A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page206
David Kaufman (2011),Tanêks–Tąyosą Kadakathi [Biloxi–English Dictionary][6], Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas,→ISBN, page34
James Owen Dorsey, John Reed Swanton (1912),A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages, Accompanied with Thirty-One Biloxi Texts and Numerous Biloxi Phrases (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin;47)[7], Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,→LCCN,→OCLC, page173
1 Uncommon. 2hun andins have been suggested as non-binary 3rd person singular pronouns, though these have not yet officially adopted. 3 Infrequently used as a formal alternative to the singular.
Chiefly used at least twice in the same sentence the same wayneither andnor would be used in an English sentence, such asni riche, ni pauvre(“neither rich nor poor”).
Conklin, Harold C. (1953),Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press,→OCLC,page198
* The default tone of the direct object pronouns is high, but it usually changes to low immediately after a high tone, unless that high tone is part of a verb with a high-low-high pattern.See also theHausa possessive pronouns.
ni in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.
1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. I. Molotsova,Loonnontiito (ensimäin osa): oppikirja alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:
Jot saavva tiitä mitä ono pintamaas,ni pittää tehä mokomat oopьtat.
In order to get to know what is in the topsoil, (that's why) it's important to perform such experiments.
not, that not,unless; likene in imperative and intentional clauses
Ni quid tibi hinc in spem referas. ―Takenot whatsoever hope hence.
Vinum aliudve quidni laudato. ―Idon't praise wine or anything else.
Numa constituit, ut pisces, qui squamosi non essent,ni pollucerent ...ni qui ad polluctum emerent. ―[The Roman king] Numa ordained that scaleless fish beneither offered [to the gods] ...nor bought for offering.
Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “ni”, inLīvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary][11] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra
Borrowed fromGermannie, fromMiddle High Germannie, fromOld High Germannio. The expected Luxembourgish form would be*néi.Ni could only be explained as a generalized unstressed form, which is already implausible because this adverb is often stressed. TheRheinisches Wörterbuch (N = anno 1941) considers the word non-native throughoutCentral Franconian and says thatnie was at that time still missing in a majority of dialects.
For Luxembourgish specifically, theLexikon der Luxemburger Umgangssprache (1847) gives onlykees. TheWörterbuch der Luxemburgischen Mundart (1906) giveskees, keemol, keemools andni (but not yetnimools). TheLuxemburger Wörterbuch (N = anno 1965) gives all forms and already labelskees dated or regional.
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
This copula is ultimately fromProto-Sino-Tibetan*ni(copula). It has ceased to be used as a copula in all other Kuki-Chin languages except Koireng. It only survives repurposed in some other Kuki-Chin languages, for instance in Tedim and Monsang in suffixes that form the future tense.
The verb in Navajo incorporates information about person, and many sentences may thus not have explicit independent pronouns. For instance:
Hooghandi naniná.
Ni éí hooghandi naniná.
Both sentences are grammatically complete, and mean essentially the same thing:you are at home. The verbnaniná is in the second-person form, so the pronoun can be safely omitted, as in the first sentence. This is similar to pronoun dropping in other languages where the verb specifies person, such as Spanish. Meanwhile, the explicit use ofni in the second sentence emphasizes that the speaker is talking aboutyou. This can be thought of as roughly equivalent to the use of emphasis in English: while the first sentence comes across asyou're at home, the second one is more likeyou, you're at home.
transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock,Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66 : /niː/
Margaret Manning, Naomi Saggers,A Tentative Phonemic Analysis of Ningil (SIL), inPhonologies of five Austronesian languages (Richard Loving, John M. Clifton; 1975) : /ni/
A user suggests that this Phalura entry be cleaned up, giving the reason:“expand the cryptic abbreviations”.
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Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[12], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[13], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[14], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[15], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Aleksander Saloni (1899), “ni”, in “Lud wiejski w okolicy Przeworska”, in M. Arct, E. Lubowski, editors,Wisła : miesięcznik gieograficzno-etnograficzny (in Polish), volume13, Warsaw: Artur Gruszecki, page241
The use as a focus marker is original. This then acquired a presentative meaning (“it is”), which was finally reanalyzed as a copula.[1] Cognate withChichewandi.
Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium. Particularly: “is it cognate withChichewandi? wouldn’tndi- be a better candidate cognate?”
2022,Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar: Chimbuko, Misingi na Maendeleo, Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania,→ISBN:
Lengo la Mwalimu Nyerere kujiuzulu nafasi hiyo lilikuwani pamoja na kukiimarisha chama cha TANU kuweza kuyakabili vizuri majukumu ya uhuru.
Mwalimu Nyerere's goal when he resigned from that position wasnothing but to strengthen the TANU party to be able to effectively face the responsibilities of independence.
Since 1661, throughrebracketing of the 2nd plural verb suffix-(e)n and the older pronounI ("ye"), e.g.vissten I >vissteni (“did you know”). CompareIcelandicþér andþið which developed similarly.
Bothni ander are second person plural forms, but can also be used as a formal second person singular pronoun, like GermanSie and Frenchvous. They may sometimes be capitalized asNi andEr. The courteousni was promoted around the year 1900 as an alternative to a complicated system of addressing people in the third person singular by their appropriate titles, which required knowledge of personal information like social status, occupation, and education, with terms likefru(“Mrs.”) orfröken(“Ms.”),greve(“count”),kamrer(“accountant”), andkandidat(“bachelor's degree holder”). However, this "ni-reform" was not well-liked, andni mostly came to be used to address subordinates, with titles still being used to address superiors and other people "deemed worthy of a title," leading toni acquiring a condescending tone. Interestingly enough, the olderI, from whichni was originally formed, was used alongsideni all along (and is still in use in some dialects), but never acquired the condescending tone ofni. Titles and polite pronouns were gradually phased out during the 1960s and 1970s in the so-calleddu-reformen ("the you-reform"). In contemporary Swedish,du is used to address anyone regardless of differences in age or social status, with a few rare exceptions like royalty.
Ni is occasionally used as polite address for customers by younger speakers, but this is often considered overly formal and a bit contrived, and may also come across as condescending, especially to old speakers. Politeness in contemporary Swedish is not conveyed through polite pronouns, but through polite phrases and indirectness, for example.
Examples of the old system in vigorous use can be found in old novels and movies – for exampleÅsa-Nisse movies.
1 Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hencenơi này(“this place; here”),nơi nào(“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). 2 Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, henceđây(“here”),đâu(“where”). 3 From earlier*C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). 4 Placed before the head:bâynhiêu(“this much”),bấynhiêu(“that much”),bao nhiêu(“how much”). 5 Placed after the head:nhanh vầy(“this fast”),nhanh vậy(“that fast/so fast”).
6 Originally, these demonstratives might have been used to assert that something isvisible and/orverifiable. They have been bleached quite thoroughly and currently are usually used like other distal demonstratives. The biggest trace of their evidentiality might be in their usage as final particles, often in reduced formscơ/cờ:[t]ừ đấy về tới Hà Nội, còn những ba cái cầu nữacơ mà! ("From there to Hanoi, there're still three more bridges to cross!") (Ba ngày luân lạc, 1943) and their (pretty much) obligatory use when locating an object:Không phải cái này mà là cáikia. ("Not this one,that one.")
Triggers mixed mutation (i.e.aspirate ofp,t,c andsoft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
The formnid is used before a vowel. When the following consonant isg, which disappears under soft mutation, the formni remains, thusni +gwn becomesniwn, not *nidwn.
In literary registers,dim(“anything”) may be added (asddim, withsoft mutation) for emphasis, soni chlywais i ddim may mean either “I did not hear anything” or simply “I did not hear”. In the colloquial language,ni is omitted but the mixed mutation remains, givingchlywais i ddim (“I didn't hear”).[1]
transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock,Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66 : /niː/
A Tentative Phonemic Statement in Yil in West Sepik Province, inPhonologies of five Austronesian languages (Richard Loving, John M. Clifton; 1975) : /ni/
This verb cannot be used with regular subject pronouns such asmo oró, and emphatic subject pronouns must be used in their place. This verb is also often used in a flipped structure where the quality or identification becomes the grammatical subject of the verb while an object pronoun is used for the actual subject of the sentence.
Òunni ọ̀rẹ́ mi. –He is my friend. (uses the emphatic pronounòun instead ofó)
Ṣé ọmọ Yorùbáni yín? –Are you Yoruba? (Ọmọ Yorùbá becomes the subject ofni while "you" becomes the object pronounyín)
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