And whan the good quene herde these pyteous tydynges lytel lacked that thene dyed for sorowe / wherfore all lamentably the began to complayne her sayenge.
Mary (quoth the king) so might me mine,ne haddest thou been Earle Godwine: casting in his dish the murder of his brother Alfred, which was done to death at Elie by the Counsell of Godwine.
As when a ship, that flyes faire vnder saile, / An hidden rocke escaped hath vnwares, / That lay in waite her wrack for to bewaile, / The Marriner yet halfe amazed stares / At perill past, and yet it doubtne dares / To ioy at his foole-happie ouersight.
But when he spoke, his plenteous words did flow / Like to thick-falling flakes of winter snow, /Ne any couth his wit so hiely straine.
1614,John Davies of Hereford,Eclogue Between Young Willy the SInger of His Native Pastorals, and Old Wernocke His Friend[5]:
Now, siker ( Wernocke ) thou hast split the marke / Albe that Ine wot I han mis-song: / But, for I am so yong, I dread my warke / Woll be misualued both of old and yong.
1484, Original Letters,King Edward the Fifth, under the direction of his Uncle, to Otes Gilbert, Esq., commanding him to receive Knighthood at the expected Coronation[6]:
That than I shall not geve therunto faithne credence, nor therfore put them to any maner ponyssement, before that they or any of them so accused may be at their lawful defence and answer.
Moreouer no man be so hardy to drynk fastyng cold water,ne after that he hath accompanyed wyth a woman,ne after gret trauayle,ne after exersice tyll he haue fyrst rested hym,ne by nyght namely yf he haue do gloue tofore.
1500,The Example of Euyll Tongues:
A false tonge wyll euer Imagyne and saye / That neuer by creature was saydne thought.
Item, that noo woman nor maide weyve any worsted stamyngesne sayes for that that thei be nott of sufficient powre to werke the said worsteddes as thei owte to be wrought, upon payne of iij s iiij d as often as thei be founde wevyng to be devyded and leuyed in maner and forme aboue expressed.
The rote ought to be gadered in the begynnynge of somer and dryed in the sonne bycause [tha]¬t it corruptne rotte bycause of the moystnesse[,] & it may be kept two yeres;
1535,Thomas Elyot,The Education or Bringing up of Children:
For lyinge is a detestable vice, and to be hated of all men,ne to be suffred amonge seruantisne other persones[,] howe poure estate so euer they be of.
Thus some persones beeyng inuited and exhorted to falle to the studie of lettres, make their excuse that thei bee sickely, that thei can not slepene take their naturall reste in the nightes.
We Moores be not so base of wit,ne yet so blunt of mynd.
c.1560, Edward Gosynhill,The Schoolhouse of Women[14]:
The deuyll gossyp, ought me a shame / And prayde I am nowe, euerye penye I wolde god he had, be blinde and lame / The daye and houre, he fyrste woed me / Ware not gossyp, these chyldren thre I wolde not tary, ye may be sure / Longer with hym, dayene houre.
And that no victualerne other person or persons forestall any kynde of victualls cominge to the said Cyty or within the precyncte of the same before the same victualls be come to the place.
1587, George Gascoigne, Francis Kinwelmershe,Jocasta:
Ioc: How can that be and thou my ioy in warre? Po: Henceforth n'am I your ioyne yet your sonne.
ne cannot be used more than once as the object of a given verb.
Whilene is usually used to replace phrases beginning with the prepositionde, adverbial phrases (egde pressa) are replaced withhi.
ne is sometimes used instead ofho to replace an adjective or indefinite noun as the predicate of a verb.
ne is sometimes used popularly to add emphasis to a sentence: in this sense, it has no translation in English.
-ne is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with aconsonant or ⟨u⟩, or between some adverbs/pronouns and a verb. In some varieties of Catalan (Balearic/Valencian) it can also occur in sentence-initial position.
ne is used primarily in dialects that retain the three-way gender split. It is only used for masculine words, whileeen is used for feminine and neuter words.
The formnen is used before vowels (as the Englishan) and certain consonants (commonlyb,d andt), differing from dialect to dialect.
The case suffixes are mostly regular (except the inessive and elative singular). Abessive is never used in the singular and extremely seldom in the plural. Instructiveniin is more or less a theoretical construction, since it has developed into an adverb, and its current meaning cannot be derived fromne.
“ne”, inKielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][27] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki:Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland),2004–, retrieved3 July 2023
Bruno se rendit compte qu'ilne serait jamais accepté par leshippies[…].
Bruno realised that he'd never be accepted by the hippies.
2012 May 3,Le Monde:
"Iln'y a pas eu un truc auquel onne s'attendait pas", affirme Stéphane Le Foll.
"There wasn't anything we weren't expecting," stated Stéphane Le Foll.
Used in a subordinate clause before a subjunctive verb (especially when the main verb expresses doubt or fear), to provide extra overtones of doubt or uncertainty (but not negating its verb); the so-called "pleonastic" or "expletive"ne.
1829,Victor Hugo,Le Derner Jour d'un Condamné, section XXVII:
Ah! mes cheveux blanchiront avant que ma têtene tombe!
Typically,ne follows the subject and is itself followed by the verb and:
a negative adverbial (pas(“not; don't/doesn't”),plus(“no more, no longer”),jamais(“never”), (now literary)guère(“hardly”), or (now obsolete)point(“not a bit”));
a nominal element modified by a negative determiner (aucun ornul, both meaning "no", "not a") — note that these phrases can take on nominal, pronominal or adverbial functions;
More mobile are negative pronouns, the most common beingpersonne(“nobody”) andrien(“nothing”), which will followne and the verb if they function as the object complement of that verb, but if they are the subject of a given clause, they will usually sit at its head:
Personne ne s'en souviendra demain. ―Nobody will remember about it tomorrow.
Rien ne le dérange. ―Nothing bothers him.
In literary French (i.e., the most formal variety of the written language) certain verbs can be negated withne alone (without another negating element likepas). Nowadays, this list is restricted chiefly to the verbspouvoir,savoir,cesser,oser, anddaigner. Less formal registers still require coordination with another negative element.
In colloquial (i.e., spoken) French,ne is often omitted, leaving the other negating element (pas,plus,rien,personne, etc.) to indicate the sentence's negative state on its own (unless more than one of these elements is already present).
Je veux pas ça. ―I don't want that.
Il attend personne. ―He's not waiting for anyone.
J'en ai plus besoin. ―I don't need it anymore.
On va nulle part. ―We're not going anywhere.
In some regions,ne has disappeared from spoken language either entirely or nearly so. Even when itis included in spoken form, the weak "e" is often elided, causing the remaining/n/ to assimilate into nearby words. Compare a few possible versions of the above example,Je veux pas ça, more or less rising in levels of formality:
Used before the verb in an imperative clause (or sometimes a conditional clause expressing a wish or desire) to negate that clause;ne is always used instead ofnem in the imperative mood.
ne in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.
1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov,Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa) [Geography: textbook for Ingrian elementary school third grade (first part)], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:
In modern usage but not traditional usage, this word actively blockssyntactic gemination of its initial consonant. Henceperòneprendo(“I (will) take some”) is pronounced/peˈrɔ ne ˈprɛndo/ in modern usage, but/peˈrɔ‿nne ˈprɛndo/ traditionally, sinceperò normally triggers syntactic gemination.
The pronounne stands fordi + [pronoun], and can thus be a translation of “[preposition] + it/them” for any preposition that is translated asdi in Italian.
Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6
Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7
Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
8
Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
9
Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
10
Used after verbs.
11
Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
12
Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.
This word triggerssyntactic gemination of the following consonant, and may or may not block syntactic gemination of its initial consonant (contrast the pronominal usage above).
In South Karelian, the medial determiners are used instead of the distal series. Dialectally, the determiners are used as in North Karelian, distinguishing all three series.
[withfutureimperative]introduces a prohibition or negative command in general directions serving for all time, as precepts, statutes, and proverbs: do not, don’t
sī reliquam partem hiemis ūnō locō legiōnēs continēret,nē stipendiāriīs Aeduōrum expugnātīs cūncta Gallia dēficeret
[he feared]lest if he should confine his legions in one place for the remaining part of the winter, all Gaul would revolt when the stipendiaries of theAedui were subdued
At enim te in disciplinam meam tradideras—nam ita dixisti—domum meam ventitaras.Ne tu, si id fecisses, melius famae, melius pudicitiae tuae consuluisses.
You had however committed yourself to my instruction and frequented my house, or so you claimed. You wouldcertainly have been more mindful of your virtue and reputation if you had!
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “nē”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages403-4
^Ernout, Alfred;Meillet, Antoine (1985), “2° nē”, inDictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections ofJacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published2001, pages432-3
^“nē”, inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879),A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
^“nē”, inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879),A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
^Ernout, Alfred;Meillet, Antoine (1985), “nē”, inDictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections ofJacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published2001, page434
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Andrews, Enriqueta (1950),Vocabulario otomí de Tasquillo, Hidalgo[29] (in Spanish), México, D.F.:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, pages19, 47, 74
Hernández Cruz, Luis; Victoria Torquemada, Moisés (2010),Diccionario del hñähñu (otomí) del Valle del Mezquital, estado de Hidalgo (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”;45)[30] (in Spanish), second edition,Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page210
Middle English lacksdo-support. Instead,ne is simply used by itself:Puple deien, bot famene deieþ ("People die, but reputationdoes not die").
Middle English hasnegative concord, so negatives don't cancel out another, unlike formal English or Latin.ne is often accompanied by othernegatives rather than used alone. Double, triple, and quadruple negatives are common:I ne oght no man noght ("I haven't owed anything to anyone," literally "I not owed no one nothing").
ne usually immediately precedes the verb; comparenought /nat, which usually follows it.
Jene suis nay en telle planette et ne m'advint oncques de mentir, ou asseurer chose quene feust veritable. J'en parle comme un gaillard Onocrotale, voyre, dy je, crotenotaire des martyrs amans, et crocquenotaire de amours : Quod vidimus testamur.
As in modern French, may be used in combination with another adverb, such asne... iamais,ne... pas,ne... gaire,ne... mie,ne... oncques,ne... poin(c)t andne... rien(s), but such an adverb is not required.
As a second-class pronoun,ne is used as the subject of a sentence when its verb is a second-class one (those verbs are sometimes referred to as adjectives). The personal pronounne is also used when governed by any postposition with the exception ofarama andsupé. Finally,ne is used as a possessive pronoun as well.
NAVARRO, Eduardo de Almeida (2016)Curso de língua geral (nheengatu ou tupi moderno): a língua das origens da civilização amazônica, 2nd edition,→ISBN, pages 11 and 106
Old English does not havedo-support. Instead,ne is simply used by itself:Menn sweltaþ, ac hlīsane swilt ("People die, but reputationdoes not die").
Ne is placed immediately before the finite verb (except in poetry, where it may occur in other positions for metrical reasons):Sēo lǣrestre ne meahte furðum mīnes naman ġemunan (“The teacher could not even remember my name”). It only goes before infinitives on the rare occasion when there is no finite verb to negate:Iċ wēne þæt þū sċyle forlǣtan and eft ne cuman ("I think you should leave and not come back"),Uton ne forspillan nāne tīd mā ("Let's not waste any more time").
Ne negates verbs. Other parts of speech are negated withnā:Earg iċ eom, nā lǣwa ("I'm a coward, not a traitor"),Iċ hīe fræġn "Hū wæs þīn færeld?" and hēo cwæþ "Nā yfel" ("I asked her 'How was your trip?' and she said "Not bad'").Nā is also used when the verb is only implied:Ne rēċe iċ hwæðer mē hwā ġelīefe þē nā ("I don't care if anyone believes me or not").Nā also negates tō-infinitives and participles:Þās þing ġedafenode tō dōnne and þā ōðru nā tō forlǣtenne ("It would have made sense to do these things and not to neglect the others").
Ne and its accompanying verb often come at the beginning of a sentence:Ne meahte nān mann tecnāwan hwelcre mægðe hē wǣre ("Nobody could tell what tribe he was," literally "Couldn't nobody tell what tribe he was").
Old English hasnegative concord, meaning one negative does not cancel out another. Double, triple, and quadruple negatives are very common:Ne sċolde iċ nǣfre nānum menn nāwiht ("I've never owed anything to anyone," literally "I never not owed no one nothing").
In a few verbs beginning with a vowel, h, or w,ne actually fuses with the verb, creatingnesan(“to not be”),nabban(“to not have”),nyllan(“to not want”),nytan(“to not know”), andnāgan(“to not own”). In the West Saxon dialect (the dialect of most surviving texts and sometimes referred to as "standard" Old English), the contracted forms are the norm, while in other dialects the uncontracted formsne wesan,ne habban, etc. are also common.
In the phrase "[not...] or...",ne is often used consecutively for "or", stacking with thene negating the following verb:Iċ nātne ne rēċe hwelċes cynnes fugol hit sīe, hit is mīn frēond ("I don't knowor care what kind of bird it is, it's my friend").
Aleksander Saloni (1899), “ne”, in “Lud wiejski w okolicy Przeworska”, in M. Arct, E. Lubowski, editors,Wisła : miesięcznik gieograficzno-etnograficzny[32] (in Polish), volume13, Warsaw: Artur Gruszecki, page241
Karol Mátyás (1891), “ne”, in “Słowniczek gwary ludu zamieszkującego wschodnio-południową najbliższą okolicę Nowego Sącza”, inSprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 4, Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page325
Ne is a negative particle and it is used preverbally, i.e. it is placed directly before a verb, for example,ː"What haps might chance me Ine knew" (William Fowler (makar), 1590) and "To suffer exile he said that hene couth" (Gavin Douglas, Virgil's Aeneid, 1513). Now archaic and chiefly dialectal, it is still understood and used by a few rural speakers in Scotland and Northern England.
As a conjunction, it is placed immediately before the word it negates as inːne mickle,ne little;Twasne man,ne woman..ne beast;ne rich,ne poor,ne bold,ne meek,ne stong,ne weak can escape God's wrath.
In urban areas and cities became displaced byna ornae.
^Starostin, Sergei;Dybo, Anna;Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*nē-”, inEtymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
