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nad

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "nad"

English

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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nad

  1. (linguistics) noun animate dependent
See also
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Etymology 2

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Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation ofgonad originating among biology students.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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nad (pluralnads)

  1. (slang, mostly plural)testicle
    • 2004, Bob Gunn,Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page119:
      I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my leftnad free.

Anagrams

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Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Czechnad, fromProto-Slavic*nadъ.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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nad [withinstrumental]

  1. over,above
    Antonym:pod

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Estonian

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Etymology

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Clipping ofnemad.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈnɑd̥/,[ˈnɑd̥]
  • Rhymes:-ɑd
  • Hyphenation:nad

Pronoun

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nad (genitivenende,partitiveneid)

  1. short form ofnemad:they

Declension

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Declension of the Estonian personal pronouns
singularplural
1st person2nd person3rd person1st person2nd person3rd person
longshortlongshortlongshortlongshortlongshortlongshort
nominativeminamasinasatematameiemeteietenemadnad
genitive1minumusinusutematameiemeteietenende
partitivemindsindtedameidteidneid
illativeminussemussesinussesussetemassetasse–meisse–teissenendesseneisse
inessiveminusmussinussustemastas–meis–teisnendesneis
elativeminustmustsinustsusttemasttast–meist–teistnendestneist
allativeminulemullesinulesulletemaletalle–meile–teilenendeleneile
adessiveminulmulsinulsultemaltal–meil–teilnendelneil
ablativeminultmultsinultsulttemalttalt–meilt–teiltnendeltneilt
translativeminuks–sinuks–temaks–meieksmeiksteieksteiksnendeksneiks
terminativeminuni–sinuni–temani–meieni–teieni–nendeni–
essiveminuna–sinuna–temana–meiena–teiena–nendena–
abessiveminuta–sinuta–temata–meieta–teieta–nendeta–
comitativeminugamugasinugasugatemagatagameiega–teiega–nendega–
1) Also used possessively.
Forms initalics are nonstandard.

See also

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Estonian personal pronouns
singularplural
longshortlongshort
1st personminamameieme
2nd personfamiliarsinasateiete
politeTeieTe
3rd personanimatetematanemadnad
inanimateseeneed

References

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  • nad inSõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
  • “nad”, in[EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation),2009

Kashubian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Slavic*nadъ
    Kashubiannad

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈnat/
    • Rhymes:-at
    • Syllabification:nad

    Preposition

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    nad

    1. denotes location;above,over[withinstrumental]

    Further reading

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    • “nad”, inInternetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby,2022
    • Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “nad(e)”, inSłownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎[1]

    Middle English

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    not +‎had

    Contraction

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    nad

    1. hadnot

    Descendants

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    References

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    Old Czech

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    Etymology

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    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nad

    1. denotes movement; toover, toabove[withaccusative]
    2. denotes movement; tounder, tobelow[withaccusative]
    3. denotes subject of an attack etc.[withaccusative]
    4. denotes a higher position in comparisons;above[withaccusative]
    5. denotes larger amount;above,more than[withaccusativeorinstrumental]
    6. denotes first degree of comparisons;more than[withaccusativeorinstrumental]
    7. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature;of[withaccusative]
    8. denotes additionality or excess;in addition to[withaccusative]
    9. denotes a manner contrary to something else.[withaccusative]
    10. denotes location;above,over[withinstrumental]
    11. denotes position in a hierarchy;above,over[withinstrumental]
    12. denotes vessel through which divine action is taken;through[withinstrumental]
    13. denotes target of an action aimedat[withinstrumental]
    14. denotes subject of power;over,above[withinstrumental]
    15. denotes subject of emotion;over[withinstrumental]
    16. denotes contradiction;despite[withinstrumental]

    Descendants

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    References

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    Old Irish

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    Particle

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    nad

    1. alternative spelling ofnád

    Old Polish

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Slavic*nadъ
    Old Polishnad

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nad

    1. denotes location;above,over[withinstrumental]
    2. denotes location;near,close to[withinstrumental]
    3. denotes time;justbefore[withinstrumental]
    4. denotes cause;because of[withinstrumental]
    5. denotes position in comparison;over,more than[withinstrumentaloraccusative]
    6. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature;of[withinstrumental]
    7. denotes subject of power;above[withinstrumental]
    8. denotes subject of someones thoughts or actionsin relation to,vis-a-vis[withinstrumental]
    9. denotes motion; toabove, toover[withaccusative]

    Derived terms

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    prefix

    Descendants

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    References

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    • Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “nad”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie,→ISBN
    • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “nad”, inEtymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
    • B. Sieradzka-Baziur,Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN

    Polish

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Slavic*nadъ
    Old Polishnad
    Polishnad

    Inherited fromOld Polishnad.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nad

    1. denotes location;above,over[withinstrumental]
      Synonyms:ponad,powyżej
      Coordinate terms:pod,popod
      Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz. ―Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.
    2. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water;on,by[withinstrumental]
      Mieszkają w dużym domunad morzem. ―They live in a big houseby the sea.
      Opole leżynad Odrą. ―Opole lieson the Oder.
    3. denotes motion; toabove, toover[withaccusative]
      Synonyms:ponad,powyżej
      Coordinate terms:pod,popod
      Podnieś ręcenad głowę! ―Put your handsabove your head!
    4. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water;to[withaccusative]
      Antonym:znad
      W niedzielę jedziemynad jezioro. ―We're goingto the lake on Sunday.
    5. (literary or dialectal, Chełmno)denotes position in comparison;than;over[withaccusative]
    6. over(indicates relative status, authority or power)[withinstrumental]
      Antonym:pod
      Nauczyciel umiejętnie panujenad klasą. ―The teacher skillfully keeps controlover the class.
    7. (literary)denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;
      Synonym:ponad
      Kocham tonad życie. ―I love itto death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
    8. denotes subject of activities;on[withinstrumental]
      Pracujęnad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ―I'm workingon a script for a new film.
    9. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature;the greatest of all,of[withinstrumentalor(stylized)accusative]
      Oj, marzy mi się pizzanad pizzami! ―Oh, I dream ofthe greatest of all pizzas!
      Zawisza Czarny, rycerznad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ―Zawisza Czarny, a knightof the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.

    Derived terms

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    prefix

    Trivia

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    According toSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990),nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

    References

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    1. ^Ida Kurcz (1990), “nad”, inSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page263

    Further reading

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    Scottish Gaelic

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    Etymology

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    Univerbation ofan(“in”) +‎do(“thy”)

    Preposition

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    nad (+ dative,triggers lenition)

    1. inthy;inyour (singular)

    Inflection

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    Possessive declension ofan
    singularplural
    first personnamLnarN
    second personnadLnurN
    third personmnaLnanN,namN 1)
    fnaH

    L Triggers lenition;H Triggers H-prothesis;
    N Triggers eclipsis;1) Used beforeb-,f-,m- orp-

    Serbo-Croatian

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    Etymology

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    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ. Comparena(“on, onto”),nad-,nat-.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nȁd (Cyrillic spellingна̏д)

    1. over,above(with no change of position, answering the questiongdjȅ/gdȅ)[withinstrumental]
      Synonym:ȉznad
      Antonym:pȍd
      nad stolom ―over the table
      vlastnad nekim ―powerover somebody
      herojnad herojima ―the greatest of all heroes
    2. over,above(usually with change of position, answering the questionkùda)[withaccusative]
      Synonym:ȉznad
      Antonym:pȍd
      Nagnuo senad vodu. ―He leanedover the water.

    References

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    • “nad”, inHrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian),2006–2025

    Silesian

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Slavic*nadъ
    Old Polishnad
    Silesiannad

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nad

    1. denotes location;above,over[withinstrumental]
      Synonyms:pōnad,powyżyj
      Coordinate term:pod
    2. denotes movement; toabove, toover[withaccusative]
      Synonyms:pōnad,powyżyj
      Coordinate term:pod
    3. denotes position close to water;by[withinstrumental]
      Synonym:kole
    4. denotes movement close to water;to[withaccusative]
    5. denotes object of certain actions.[withinstrumental]
    6. denotes proximity of a time;around[withinstrumental]
    7. denotes object most affceted by something.[withaccusative]
    8. with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature;of[withinstrumental]

    Further reading

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    • nad in silling.org

    Slovak

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ.

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nad

    This term needs a translation to English. Please help out andadd a translation, then remove the text{{rfdef}}.

    Further reading

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    • “nad”, inSlovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak),https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk,2003–2025

    Slovene

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    Etymology

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    Inherited fromProto-Slavic[Term?].

    Pronunciation

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    Preposition

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    nad

    1. over,above (stationary)[withinstrumental]
    2. over,above (motion towards)[withaccusative]

    Slovincian

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    Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Slavic*nadъ
    Slovinciannad

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*nadъ.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈnat/
    • Rhymes:-at
    • Syllabification:nad

    Preposition

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    nad

    1. denotes motion; toabove, toover[withaccusative]
    2. denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water;to[withaccusative]
    3. denotes location;above,over[withinstrumental]
    4. denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water;on,by[withinstrumental]
    5. denotes extension past something;above,beyond[withinstrumental]
    6. over(indicates relative status, authority or power)[withinstrumental]

    Derived terms

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    prefixes

    Further reading

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    Welsh

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    Etymology

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    Fromna with the same meaning, perhaps with addition ofyd(affirmative particle).[1]

    Pronunciation

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    Conjunction

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    nad

    1. (formal)that …not(introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)
      Mae e’n dweudnad athro yw ef.
      He saysthat he isnot a teacher.
    2. that …not(introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)
      Mae e’n dweudnad ydy e’n mynd.
      He saysthat he isnot going.

    See also

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    • mai(affirmative, emphasis)
    • taw(affirmative, emphasis)
    • na(negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)

    Mutation

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    Mutated forms ofnad
    radicalsoftnasalaspirate
    nadunchangedunchangedunchanged

    References

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    1. ^R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

    Yola

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    Etymology

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    FromMiddle Englishnad; equivalent tonat +‎had.

    Pronunciation

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    Contraction

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    nad

    1. hadnot
      • 1867,GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page58:
        Nad Ich.
        Had I(not?).

    References

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    • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867,page58
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