n-
( SI prefix ) Abbreviation ofEnglish nano- Abbreviation ofnumber Borrowed fromGerman n-
n -
( mathematics , sciences , logic ) Indicating anarbitrary number ofelements . Abbreviation ofnormal
n -
( organic chemistry ) normal -form of afunctional group (ormolecule ), being the long-chain form (the unbranched chain).Coordinate terms: ( secondary form ) s- ( tertiary form ) t- Italicised in formal use. normal-form of a functional group (or molecule), being the long-chain form (unbranched chain)
Related tonia ( “ I, me ” ) .
n-
( prefixed to nouns, used before consonants ) my ( prefixed to verbs, used before consonants ) I ( prefixed to verbs, used before consonants ) I ( exclusive we ) Comparenen ( “ you ” ) , from*ŋʸən
n-
marks a second person singular possessor;you n- + -taʼ ( “ father ” ) → ntaʼ ( “ your father ” ) marks a second person singular object of a postposition n- + -kʼe ( “ on ” ) → nkʼe ( “ on you ” ) Kari, James (1990 ),Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary , Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center,→ISBN 35 Cognate withLower Tanana n- Babine-Witsuwit'en n- Koyukon ne- Navajo ni- ( round object ) .
n-
A qualifier suffix with a number of meanings :Marks then -gender containing roundish or rope-like objects and liquids Appears in compound nouns that are rounded or rope-like assume aposition flying following Appears in many verbs with no clear function When used as a gender prefix, appears on verbs to mark agreement withn -gender nouns. Appears asne- before a consonant Kari, James (1990 ),Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary , Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center,→ISBN 285-86 ën- Buzuku m- before labials FromProto-Indo-European *h₁én ( “ in ” ) .[ 1] [ 2]
n-
intensive prefix. on ,to ,at ^ Forschungen, Stefan; Matzinger, Joachim (2013 ),Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen;33 ) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,→ISBN ^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (2000 ),A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian [1] →ISBN 168 n-
alternative form ofãn- Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ- ( “ Class 9 & 10 noun prefix ” ) .
n-
Class 9 noun prefix .Class 10 noun prefix .Reverend E. Hoch (1998 ),Bemba - English/English - Bemba [2] 212-213 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ-
n-
Class 9 noun prefix. Class 10 noun prefix. Yuko Abe (2006 ),A Bende Vocabulary [3] FromProto-Oceanic *na
n-
The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation. This form used before vowels. Before consonants, the formna- is used.
Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ-
n-
Class 9 noun prefix. Class 10 noun prefix. Variant ofni- before vowels
CompareAhtna ne- Navajo ni-
n-
Marks a second person singular verbal subject;you n- + chegh ( “ to cry ” ) → nchegh ( “ you are crying ” ) Used word-initially or immediately after a disjunct prefix with the shape CV.i- Dena'ina verbal subject prefixes singular plural 1st person esh- chʼe- 2nd person n- i- eh- 3rd person ∅- qe- Non-human ye- Indefinite human qe- Indefinite non-human kʼe- Unknown chʼe- Areal/temporal/abstract qe-
Tenenbaum, Joan Marsha (1978 ),Morphology and Semantics of the Tanaina Verb , Columbia University, page60 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ- ( “ Class 9 & 10 noun prefix ” ) .
n-
Class 9 noun prefix .Class 10 noun prefix .FromMiddle Dutch ne en Old Dutch ne Proto-Germanic *ne
n-
Used to negate the pronoun or adverb which follows it, yielding the same part of speech forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs alternative form ofm- ( noun-forming prefix ) before labial consonants Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “A Lexicon of Egyptian Lexical Roots (Project)” inQuaderni di Vicino Oriente , volume 12, pages 213–223 n- (adverbial )
( before a vowel ) alternative form ofin A-gn- ò dimándi. ―I have a lot (of them ). Abbreviation ofnormale
n-
( organic chemistry ) n- ( normal -form) n-
I ( used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun ) FromProto-Athabaskan *ŋ- *nʸ- Navajo ni- Ahtna n-
n-
Marks theperfective mode .ghin ghonh' ―you make them (gh-n-ne-∅-ghon') n iyohe/she arrived Marks neuter verbs in lanh ―you are n ezrunhit is good, beautiful FromProto-Athabaskan *nə- *n-
n-
Marks theimperfective andperfective modes in then -imperfective andn -perfective paradigms .n es'oyhI am bringing it n iko'ikayhhe is landing ashore n iniyohe/she stopped FromProto-Athabaskan *nə- *n-
n-
Then -qualifier, a prefix with a variety of uses on verbs and nouns :Serves as a "connective" prefix on several nouns, many of them associated with the face -en tsiyh nose -en toget forehad ch'en lu hail Marks then -gender on verbs, referring to rope-like and roundish objects, such as berries and the face tl'uɬn adh'onh ―a coiled rope is there yoyega'n adl'onh ―she kept her face down Appears thematicized in several verbs, from its earlier use as a gender marker n eljethe/she is afraid Appears in verbs related toflight n ot'wxit is flying n odeɬthey are flying Appears in verbs with a meaning of "following " yen oyoɬ he is following him/her Appears in verbs relating toassuming a position n adhtanhhe/she laid down, went to bed (With thede- accidentally , bymistake (Withdh- bisective verbs, with a meaning of "cut in half;" found only in three verb themes FromProto-Athabaskan *n-
n-
Adistributive prefix: at separate intervals, or places ton yedh'onh' ―he/she put them in the water (in separate places) Marks the continuative aspect, indicating repeated action gwx ukon tr'olzrak ―we drive hunted for rabbits Appears in verbs relating to the sensing ofspirits Appears in verbs relating tostanding n e'esdhetI am standing (Withdh- round trip n eyo'he is walking down and back dink'an edhestonh ―I brought a gun with me wearing ts'exn edal'onh ―she is wearing a hat n-
Appears in severalwh-question words as part of the interrogative prefixnda- .n-
alternative form ofne- ( second person singular prefix ) Kari, Jameset al. (2024 ), Kari, James, editor,Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary , Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center,→ISBN FromArabic نَ ( na ,first-person plural imperfect prefix ) . The use also for the first-person singular is found in Maghrebi Arabic dialects.
n-
First-person prefix in the imperfect conjugation n- + kiteb ( “ he wrote ” ) → n ikteb( “ I write ” ) n-
alternative form ofil- Used after a vowel and before the lettern Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ- ( “ Class 9 & 10 noun prefix ” ) .
n-
Class 9 noun prefix Class 10 noun prefix R.C.Wynne (1980 ),English-Mbukushu Dictionary [4] n-
marks a second person singular direct object .ni- ( second person singular subject ) m- l- ( from assimilation to following consonants ) Inherited fromLatin in-
n-
in n-
alternative form ofni- n- appears before stems that begin with the vowels oo and ii.
n- (class A infixed pronoun
us Old Irish affixed pronouns See
Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person infixed suffixed class A class B class C 1sg m- L dom- L ,dam- L -um 2sg t- L dot- L ,dat- L ,dut- L ,dit- L -ut 3sg m a- N ,e- N d- N id- N ,did- N ,d- N -i -it 3sg f s- (N) da- -us 3sg n a- L ,e- L d- L id- L ,did- L ,d- L -i -it 1pl n- don- dun- dan- -unn 2pl b- dob- dub- dab- -uib 3pl s- (N) da- -us
L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.
n- (class B & C infixed pronoun
alternative form ofd- n- (Tifinagh spelling ⵏ-
alternative form ofnn- Ultimately fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN- Javanese nge-
n-
active verb-forming prefix n- + aji ( “ scripture ” ) → ngaji ( “ to read the Quran ” ) n- + bor ( “ drill ” ) → ngebor ( “ to drill ” ) n- + carita ( “ story ” ) → nyarita ( “ to tell a story ” ) n- + dangu ( “ to hear ” ) → ngadangu ( “ to hear ” ) n- + galeuh ( “ liver; heart; to buy ” ) → ngagaleuh ( “ to buy ” ) n- + haleuang ( “ melody ” ) → ngahaleuang ( “ to sing in a loud manner ” ) n- + inum ( “ to drink ” ) → nginum ( “ to drink ” ) n- + jungjung ( “ to carry on the head ” ) → ngajungjung ( “ to carry on the head; to hold high regards ” ) n- + kidul ( “ south ” ) → ngidul ( “ to go southward ” ) n- + layung ( “ afterglow ” ) → ngalayung ( “ to go out/do activities in the afternoon ” ) n- + mumulé ( “ to nurse; take care ” ) → ngamumulé ( “ to nurse; to take care ” ) n- + nuhun ( “ thanks ” ) → nganuhunkeun ( “ to give thanks ” ) n- + peunteun ( “ grade, mark ” ) → meunteun ( “ to grade ” ) n- + sangu ( “ rice ” ) → nyangu ( “ to cook rice ” ) n- + ubar ( “ medicine ” ) → ngubaran ( “ to cure ” ) adjective-forming prefix n- + kedul ( “ lazy ” ) → ngedul ( “ lazy ” ) n- + perenah ( “ related; place ” ) → merenah ( “ appropriate ” ) N- behaves differently depending upon the initial phoneme of the root it is applied to.
initial consonantsp (in some casesb ) turns it intom- initial consonantst turns it inton- initial consonantsk ,w , and vowel-initial roots turns it intong- initial consonantsb ,d ,g ,h ,j ,l ,m ,n ,w ,y turns it intonga- initial consonantsc ,s turns it intony- one syllable word turns it intonge- Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ-
( before a vowel ) ny- ( before labial consonants ) m- n- (plural n-
n class(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denotinganimals and miscellaneous nouns as well as their plurals, and plurals of someu class(XI) nounsn guon zuria nice piece of cloth/nice clothes ulimi ( “ tongue ” ) → ndimi ( “ tongues ” ) Foreign borrowings that cannot fit other classes morphologically usually behave asn class(IX) , but do not take this prefix.
Except for nouns where the stem is of one syllable,n can only be followed byg ,d ,j ,y , andz in Swahili. As a result of this, when the stem starts with a vowel,n- changes tony- b orv it changes tom- nw- , *nl- , and *nr- becomesmb- ,nd- , andnd- respectively. In front of any stems where these rules cannot be applied, it disappears.
Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ-
n-
( Kimvita, colloquial ) alternative form ofni- 1973 Duniani kuna watu , page 5:"Na kwa ninin' sirejee," aliuliza mzee. "And why wouldn'tI go back [to it]?" the old man asked. 2022 Instagram [5] Kuna sikun likua na drive huu wimbo ukaenda hewanin kajikuta natokwa machozi 🥲nan sijue wanachoimba . One dayI was driving, this song went on air, andI found myself in tears 🥲 andI didn't know what they were singing. Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class(I/II) ) person independent subject concord object combined forms possessive affirmative negative na ndi- si- singular first mimi ni- si- -ni- nami , namimi ndimi ,ndiye simi ,siye -angu second wewe u- hu- -ku- nawe , nawewe ndiwe ,ndiye siwe ,siye -ako third yeye a- ,yu- ha- ,hayu- -m- ,-mw- ,-mu- naye , nayeye ndiye siye -ake plural first sisi tu- hatu- -tu- nasi , nasisi ndisi ,ndio sio -etu second ninyi m- ,mw- ,mu- ham- ,hamw- ,hamu- -wa- nanyi , naninyi ndinyi ,ndio sinyi ,sio -enu third wao wa- hawa- -wa- nao ndio sio -ao reflexive — — -ji- — —
( before /β/, /m/, /h/ or /p/ ) m- ( before a vowel ) ny- FromProto-Bantu *ǹ-
IPA (key ) : /n̩-/ ,( after /ɡ/ or /k/ ) [ŋ̩-] ,( after a vowel ) /n-/ n-
I ,1st person singular subject concord n- + -kora ( “ to do ” ) → nkora ( “ I do ” ) positive imperative form of-n- ( “ me; 1st person singular object concord ” ) n- + -ha ( “ to give ” ) → mpa ( “ give me ” ) Kaji, Shigeki (2007 ),A Rutooro Vocabulary [6] →ISBN 413 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ-
n-
Class 9 noun prefix. Class 10 noun prefix. Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .ni
n-
I ,me ,my . (Forms the first person. )n- ( “ I ” ) + -t- ( euphonic interfix ) + -àpi ( “ be here ” ) → ntàpi ( “ I am here ” ) FromProto-Athabaskan Navajo ni- Ahtna ne-
n-
Marks a second person singular verbal subject .kʼen łit (kʼe-n -łit) you burn it Subject prefixes singular plural 1st person sh- i- di- 2nd person n- oh- 3rd person ∅- 3rd person obviate yi- Indefinite chʼi- ʼ- Areal ki-
Begay, Kayla Rae (2017 ),Wailaki Grammar , University of California, Berkeley, page166 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ- ( “ 1st person subject concord ” ) .
n-
Class 1 subject concord, especially before consonants .Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1902 ),A Handbook of the Yao Language [7] 32 Meredith Sanderson, M.R.C.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.I. (1922 ),A Yao Grammar [8] 36 Cognate to prefixes analyzed as object nominalizers, switching nominalized forms from nouns of action to nouns referring to the patient argument. The Caura River form has a rather different scope of use.
n-
Marks that (person markers on) a derivation from a transitive verb refer to the agent argument of the verb rather than the patient argument; used with verbs adverbialized with-e -dü -'jüdü This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.
ni- ( allomorph before a consonant ) n-
Marks a nonderived transitive verb as having a third-person agent/subject and patient/object. Marks a nonderived intransitive verb with agent-like or patient-like argument as having a third-person argument/subject. The formn- is used with stems that start with a vowel;ni-
This person marker is used with all types of verbs when marked with originally nonderived tense/aspect/mood markers, excepting only the admonitive-'no -i -tai y- kün-
Though in all other circumstances Ye'kwana third-person prefixes also cover the first person dual exclusive, this prefix is not used when the patient of a transitive verb is first-person-dual-exclusive.
Ye'kwana personal markers
pronoun noun possessor/ postposition object series I verb argument transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent first person ewü y- ∅- ,ü- u- 1 w- wi- first person dual inclusive küwü k- kü- ku- ki- k- kii- ki- 1 second person amödö ö- öy- ödh- o- oy- odh- a- ay- adh- m- mi- first person dual exclusive nña y- dh- ch- ∅- ,i- 1 chö- ∅- n- ni- third person tüwü n- ni- distant past third person — kün- kun- kin- ken- küm- kum- kim- kini- coreferential/reflexive — t- tü- tu- ti- te- — reciprocal — — öö- With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.
series I verb argument: first person > second person mön- man- mon- möm- möni- first person dual exclusive > second person second person > first person k- kü- ku- ki- second person > first person dual exclusive third person > any person X …or … any person X > third person see person X in the chart above
Cáceres, Natalia (2011 ), “n-”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana [9] 152, 182–184, 190–191, 200, 202–203 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ǹ- ( “ 1st person subject concord ” ) .
n-
Class 9 simple noun prefix. The variant formm- b ,f ,m ,p ,v ).
