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nꜣ

Malagasy

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Egyptian

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Pronunciation

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(reconstructed)IPA^(key):/niʀ/ →/niʀ/ →/nə/ →/nə/

(Old Egyptian, c. 2500BCE)IPA^(key):/niʀ/
(Middle Egyptian, c. 1700BCE)IPA^(key):/niʀ/
(Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350BCE)IPA^(key):/nə/
(latest Late Egyptian, c. 800BCE)IPA^(key):/nə/

(modern Egyptological)IPA^(key): /nɑ/
- Conventional anglicization:na

Pronoun

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anaphoric demonstrative pronoun

(Old and Late Egyptian)Used for vocative reference
(Middle Egyptian) theaforementioned ones, thesaid ones(see usage notes)
(Late Egyptian)the plural definite article;the
(Late Egyptian, with following noun)those of,these of

Usage notes

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This demonstrative was originally a pronoun, and so did not directly modify nouns. In Middle Egyptian it becomes used as a demonstrative modifying plural nouns. When used in this way, it precedes the noun, with the genitival adjectiven(j) in between, e.g. "said feet" isnꜣ n(j) rdw (literally "the aforementioned one of feet").

In Middle Egyptian, this pronoun is somewhat colloquial; in Late Egyptian its force has weakened to that of a definite article.

Inflection

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Old Egyptian demonstratives
	determiners						pronouns¹	adverbs
	singular		dual		plural		unmarked
	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal to speaker	pn	tn	*jpnj	jptnj,jptntj	jpn	jptn	nn	—
distal	pf	tf	*jpfj	jptfj,jptftj	jpf	jptf	nf	—
proximal to spoken of	pj,pw,p	tj,tw	jpwj	jptwj,jptwtj	jpw	jptw,jptwt	nw	—
vocative	pꜣ	tꜣ	—	—	—	—	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ

¹ Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives
	determiners and pronouns			adverbs
	singular		plural¹
	masculine	feminine	plural¹
proximal	pn	tn	nn	ꜥn
distal	pf,pfꜣ	tf,tfꜣ	nf,nfꜣ	ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative	pw,pwy	tw,twy	nw	—
anaphoric	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ

¹ Joined byn(j) to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
	masculine	feminine	plural	adverb
pronoun	pꜣw			dj
determiners and pronouns	pꜣj	tꜣj	nꜣj
possessive determiners¹	pꜣy	tꜣy	nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)	p-n,pꜣ	t-nt,tꜣ	nꜣyw,nꜣ
definite articles	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ²
indefinite articles	wꜥ²		nhꜣy²

¹ Used with suffix pronouns.
² Originally joined byn(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.

Descendants

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Demotic:nꜣ
- Coptic:ⲛ-(n-),ⲛ̄-(n̄-)(Sahidic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic, Lycopolitan),ⲛⲉ-(ne-)(Sahidic, Fayyumic, Lycopolitan),ⲛⲓ-(ni-)(Bohairic, Fayyumic)

References

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James P[eter] Allen (2010),Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages54–56.
Junge, Friedrich (2005),Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page53
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962),A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute,→ISBN
Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN

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