Movatterモバイル変換

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
			strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
			strong/subject	proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic	possessive
singular	1st person	standard	jo,mi³	em,m’	-me,’m	em,m’	-me,’m	meu
	1st person	majestic¹	nós	ens	-nos,’ns	ens	-nos,’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	tu	et,t’	-te,’t	et,t’	-te,’t	teu
		formal¹	vós	us	-vos,-us	us	-vos,-us	vostre
		very formal²	vostè	el,l’	-lo,’l	li	-li	seu
	3rd person	m	ell	el,l’	-lo,’l	li	-li	seu
		f	ella	la,l’⁴	-la	li	-li	seu
		n		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
plural
	1st person		nosaltres	ens	-nos,’ns	ens	-nos,’ns	nostre
	2nd person	standard	vosaltres	us	-vos,-us	us	-vos,-us	vostre
	2nd person	formal²	vostès	els	-los,’ls	els	-los,’ls	seu
	3rd person	m	ells	els	-los,’ls	els	-los,’ls	seu
	3rd person	f	elles	les	-les	els	-los,’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive			si	es,s’	-se,’s	es,s’	-se,’s	seu
adverbial	ablative/genitive			en,n’	-ne,’n
adverbial	locative			hi	-hi

¹ Behaves grammatically as plural. ² Behaves grammatically as third person.
³ Only as object of a preposition. ⁴ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

French

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): /n‿/
Audio(France (Lyon)): (file)

Contraction

[edit]

Prevocalic form ofne.

Italian

[edit]

Rarely elides, except beforeessere,è,era etc. It sometimes elides beforei ore, especially when following another unstressed pronoun.

Italian personal pronouns
		first	second	secondformal /polite⁵	third		first	second	secondformal /polite⁵	third
		singular					plural
		first	second	m or f	m	f	first	second	m or f	m	f
nominative		io	tu	Lei,Ella⁸	lui,egli⁸,ello⁸,elli^{3, 8},esso⁸	lei,ella⁸,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro	loro
elli^{3, 8},ellino^{4, 8},eglino^{4, 8},essi⁸	elle^{3, 8},elleno^{4, 8},esse⁸	io	tu	Lei,Ella⁸	lui,egli⁸,ello⁸,elli^{3, 8},esso⁸	lei,ella⁸,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro
atonic (clitic)¹¹	accusative /dative-reflexive	mi,m',-mi,me⁹	ti,t',-ti,te⁹	―	si⁶,s',-si,se⁹		ci,c',-ci,ce⁹	vi,Vi⁷,v',V'⁷,-vi,-Vi⁷,ve⁹	―	si,s',-si,se⁹
	accusative			La,-La,L'	lo,l',-lo,il⁴	la,l',-la			Le,-Le	li,-li	le,-le
	dative			Le,-Le	glie⁹				Loro¹⁰	loro¹⁰,gli²,-gli²,glie⁹
	dative			Le,-Le	gli,-gli	le,-le,gli²,-gli²			Loro¹⁰
	locative	―			ci,c', vi¹,v'¹		―			ci,c', vi¹,v'¹
	partitive	ne,n'		ne,n'
tonic¹²	prepositional-reflexive	―			sé		―			sé
	oblique	me	te	Lei	lui,esso⁸	lei,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro	loro,
	oblique	me	te	Lei	lui,esso⁸	lei,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro	essi⁸	elle⁸,esse⁸
¹	Formal.
²	Informal.
³	Archaic.
⁴	Obsolete.
⁵	Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
⁶	Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
⁷	Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
⁸	Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
⁹	Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
¹⁰	Used after verbs.
¹¹	Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
¹²	Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.

Ladin

[edit]

Article

[edit]

n' f

an,a

Synonyms

[edit]

Middle French

[edit]

Adverb

[edit]

n' (apocopate)

(before vowel sound)apocopic form ofne

Usage notes

[edit]

The apostrophe may be omitted in older manuscripts
ilznen parlerent ―they weren't speaking about it

Neapolitan

[edit]

Article

[edit]

contraction ofna
contraction ofnu

Portuguese

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): /n‿/

Preposition

[edit]

n’

alternative form ofem(used before words beginning in a vowel, archaic except before a facultative contraction containing part of a proper name)
Os trechos a seguir aparecemn'Os Lusíadas.
The following excerpts appearinOs Lusíadas.