Movatterモバイル変換

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix
Class 3 noun prefix.

References

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Ernst Dammann,Studien zum Kwangali: Grammatik, Texte, Glossar, 2019 - pages 8 & 10

Lala-Bisa

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 simple noun prefix.
Class 3 simple noun prefix.
Class 18 noun prefix.

References

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Arthur Cornwallis Madan (1908),Lala-Lamba Handbook: A Short Introduction to the South-Western Division of the Wisa-Lala Dialect of Northern Rhodesia with Stories and Vocabulary‎^[4], Oxford Clarendon Press, pages11, 14

Luba-Kasai

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.
Class 18 noun prefix.

Malawi Lomwe

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.

References

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Ellomwe-English Vocabulary, page 5

Matengo

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-(“Class 1, 3 & 18 noun prefix”)

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.
Class 18 noun prefix.

Notes

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Yoneda does not state that 'mu-' is the Class 3 noun prefix, rather leaving it blank. However, in light of other Bantuists stating that 'mu-' is the Class 3 noun prefix, it is likely that this is also the case in Matengo.

References

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Nobuko Yoneda (2006),A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[5], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Mbukushu

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-(“Class 1, 13, 18 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.
Class 18 noun prefix.

References

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R.C.Wynne (1980),English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[6], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xvii, xviii

Ndamba

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 3 noun prefix.

Ndengereko

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Etymology

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Nheengatu terms prefixed with mu-

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.
Class 18 noun prefix.

References

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Eva-Marie Störm,The Ndengeleko language of Tanzania, page 125

Nheengatu

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Alternative forms

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um-,m-

Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Tupimo-.

Prefix

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mu-

forms causative verbs from verbs

Derived terms

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musasá

mupuranga

References

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Avila, Marcel Twardowsky (2021), “mu-”, inProposta de dicionário nheengatu-português [Nheengatu–Portuguese dictionary proposal] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: USP,→DOI,page491

Northern Ndebele

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

him,her,it;class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

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The variant formm- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Nyamwanga

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Simple class 1 noun prefix.

Nyungwe

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 18 noun prefix.

Phuthi

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

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Prefix

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mu-

him,her,it;class 1 object concord.
him,her,it;class 3 object concord.

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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mu-

Class 3 noun prefix.

Punu

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-(“Class 1 & 3 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.

References

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Yasutoshi Yukawa (2006),A Classified Vocabulary of the Punu Language‎^[7], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page iii

Rwanda-Rundi

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Prefix

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mu-

you,second-person plural subject concord.
Augmentless form ofumu-(“class 1 or 3 noun prefix”)
class 1 or 3 concord prefix for adjectives

Alternative forms

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mw-(before a vowel)

Shambala

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.
Class 3 noun prefix.

References

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August Seidel (1895),Handbuch der Shambala-sprache in Usambara, Deutsch-Ostafrika. Mit Texten, einem Shambala-Deutschen und einem Deutsch-Shambala-Wörterbuch‎^[8], Dresden-Leipzig, page 2

Shona

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Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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mu-

Class 3 noun prefix.

Etymology 3

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-(“Class 18 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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mu-

Class 18 noun prefix.

References

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M. Hannan, S.J. (1984),Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[9], Harare College Press, page x

Southern Ndebele

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

him,her,it;class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

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The variant formm- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Southern Pomo

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Alternative forms

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Prefix

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mu-

heat,fire,emotion
relating to a short object in the air

Usage notes

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This prefix is used with verbs only.

Swahili

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Alternative forms

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m-(before consonants)
mw-(before vowels)

Etymology 1

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Prefix

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mu- (pluralwa-)

m class_(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before/u/ and/w/
‎mu- + ‎-ua(“to kill”) + ‎-ji(nominalizing suffix) → ‎muuaji(“killer”)

Etymology 2

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Prefix

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mu- (pluralmi-)

m class_(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before/u/,/w/, and occasionally/h/
muhindi ―maize plant
‎mu- + ‎-ungana(“to join together”) + ‎-o(nominalizing suffix) → ‎muungano(“union”)

Etymology 3

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Prefix

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mu-

you,2nd person plural subject concord used before/u/ and/w/
Antonym:hamu-
verb-initial form of-mu-(“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class_(I)) object concord used before/u/ and/w/”)

Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class_(I/II))
	person	independent	subject concord	object concord	combined forms	possessive
affirmative	negative	na	ndi-	si-
singular	first	mimi	ni-	si-	-ni-	nami, namimi	ndimi,ndiye	simi,siye	-angu
second	wewe	u-	hu-	-ku-	nawe, nawewe	ndiwe,ndiye	siwe,siye	-ako
third	yeye	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	naye, nayeye	ndiye	siye	-ake
plural	first	sisi	tu-	hatu-	-tu-	nasi, nasisi	ndisi,ndio	sio	-etu
second	ninyi	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-wa-	nanyi, naninyi	ndinyi,ndio	sinyi,sio	-enu
third	wao	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	nao	ndio	sio	-ao
reflexive	—	—	-ji-	—	—

Etymology 4

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ́-.

Prefix

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mu-

therein,mu class_(XVIII) subject concord used before/u/ and/w/
Antonym:hamu-

**Swahili verbal concords (third person)**
class	subject concord	object concord	relative
affirmative	negative
m_(I)	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	-ye
wa_(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m_(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi_(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji_(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma_(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki_(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi_(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n_(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n_(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u_(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku_(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa_(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu_(XVIII)	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-mu-	-mo

Swazi

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

him,her,it;class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

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The variant formm- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Talinga-Bwisi

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Etymology

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 3 noun prefix.

Tooro

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Alternative forms

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(before vowels)mw-

Etymology

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /mu-/

Prefix

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mu-

you,you all;2nd person plural subject concord
‎mu- + ‎-kora(“to do”) → ‎mukora(“you all do”)

Tooro personal pronouns
class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	combined forms
na	ni
class 1	first	nyowe,nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe,nanye	ninyowe,ninye
second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
class 2	first	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
third	bo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
class 3	gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
class 4	yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 5	lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
class 6	go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
class 7	kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
class 8	byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
class 9	yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 10	zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
class 11	rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
class 12	ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
class 13	two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
class 14	bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
class 15	kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
class 16	ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
class 17	(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
class 18	(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
reflexive	-enyini,-onyini	—	-e-	—

References

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Kaji, Shigeki (2007),A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA),→ISBN, page413

Tsonga

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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mu-

Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Alternative forms

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Prefix

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mu-

Class 3 noun prefix.

Tumbuka

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Etymology 1

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Prefix

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mu-

2nd person plural subject concord.

Etymology 2

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