m'
m'
| strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | |||||
| singular | 1st person | standard | jo,mi3 | em,m’ | -me,’m | em,m’ | -me,’m | meu |
| majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos,’ns | ens | -nos,’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | standard | tu | et,t’ | -te,’t | et,t’ | -te,’t | teu | |
| formal1 | vós | us | -vos,-us | us | -vos,-us | vostre | ||
| very formal2 | vostè | el,l’ | -lo,’l | li | -li | seu | ||
| 3rd person | m | ell | el,l’ | -lo,’l | li | -li | seu | |
| f | ella | la,l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
| n | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos,’ns | ens | -nos,’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | standard | vosaltres | us | -vos,-us | us | -vos,-us | vostre | |
| formal2 | vostès | els | -los,’ls | els | -los,’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person | m | ells | els | -los,’ls | els | -los,’ls | seu | |
| f | elles | les | -les | els | -los,’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person reflexive | si | es,s’ | -se,’s | es,s’ | -se,’s | seu | ||
| adverbial | ablative/genitive | en,n’ | -ne,’n | |||||
| locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
1 Behaves grammatically as plural. 2 Behaves grammatically as third person.
3 Only as object of a preposition. 4 Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.
m'(ORB, broad)
m'
| number | person | gender | nominative (subject) | accusative (direct complement) | dative (indirect complement) | locative (at) | genitive (of) | disjunctive (tonic)1 | emphatic reflexive | relative | proximal | distal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | first | — | je,j’ | me,m’ | — | — | moi | moi-même | — | |||
| second | — | tu | te,t’ | — | — | toi | toi-même | — | ||||
| third | masculine | il2 | le,l’ | lui | y | en | lui | lui-même | celui | celui-ci | celui-là | |
| feminine | elle | la,l’ | elle | elle-même | celle | celle-ci | celle-là | |||||
| indeterminate | on3,l’on (formal),ce4,c’,ça | — | — | — | — | — | — | ce | ceci | cela,ça | ||
| reflexive | — | se,s’5 | — | — | soi | soi-même | — | |||||
| plural | first | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | nous-mêmes | — | |||
| second6 | — | vous | vous | — | — | vous | vous-mêmes, vous-même6 | — | ||||
| third | masculine | ils7 | les | leur | y | en | eux7 | eux-mêmes7 | ceux | ceux-ci | ceux-là | |
| feminine | elles | elles | elles-mêmes | celles | celles-ci | celles-là | ||||||
1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’,à,pour,chez,dans,vers,sur,sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
2Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
3On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
4 The nominal indeterminate formce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verbêtre as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se ors’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
6Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonicvous-mêmes becomes singularvous-même.
7Ils,eux andeux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.
Contraction ofmwen, fromFrenchmoi.
m'
m'(triggerslenition of a following noun)
| person | conjunctive (emphatic) | disjunctive (emphatic) | possessive determiner | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | first | mé (mise) | moL m'before vowel sounds | ||
| second | tú (tusa)1 | thú (thusa) | doL d'before vowel sounds | ||
| third | m | sé (seisean) | é (eisean) | aL | |
| f | sí (sise) | í (ise) | aH | ||
| n | — | ea | — | ||
| plural | first | muid,sinn (muidne,muide), (sinne) | árE | ||
| second | sibh (sibhse)1 | bhurE | |||
| third | siad (siadsan) | iad (iadsan) | aE | ||
m' (apocopated)
Commonly elides before a vowel, especiallyi ande.
| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Combined | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | first | — | io | mi,m',-mi | me | me | — | |||
| second | — | tu | ti,t',-ti | te | te | |||||
| third | m | lui | si2,s',-si | lo,l',-lo | gli,-gli | glie,se2 | lui,sé | ci,c', vi,v'(formal) | ne,n' | |
| f | lei,Lei1 | la,La1,l',L'1,-la,-La1 | le3,Le1,-le3,-Le1 | lei,Lei1,sé | ||||||
| Plural | first | — | noi | ci,c',-ci | ce | noi | — | |||
| second | — | voi,Voi4 | vi,Vi4,v',V'4,-vi,-Vi4 | ve | voi,Voi4 | |||||
| third | m | loro,Loro1 | si,s',-si | li,Li1,-li,-Li1 | gli,-gli,loro(formal), Loro1 | glie,se | loro,Loro1,sé | ci,c', vi,v'(formal) | ne,n' | |
| f | le,Le1,-le,-Le1 | |||||||||
| 1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
| 2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
| 3 | Often replaced bygli,-gli in informal language. | |||||||||
| 4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous). | |||||||||
m'
m' (apocopate)
m'
m'(triggers lenition of a following noun)
m'
m'
| singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +C | +V | +C | +V | ||
| first person | moL | m' | ar | arN | |
| second person | doL | d' | ur | urN | |
| third person | m | aL | — | an,am1 | an |
| f | a | aH | |||
L Triggers lenition;H Triggers H-prothesis;N Triggers eclipsis
1 Used beforeb-,f-,m- orp-