Waiter: 'Bonjour! I amle waiter on this ship! [...] Ah!Le strong silent type!'
2001 June 24, LaManna, “My Weekend...”, inalt.punk[8] (Usenet):
[…]upon arrival,le girlfriend realizes she has left her ID back at my house (a 1 1/2 hour roundtrip on the Metro),[…]
2002 December 27, Amelia, “Re: Neat things SANTA brought me...”, inalt.fashion[9] (Usenet):
And thenle boyfriend perks up and names around 8 different brands (Stila, MAC, Becca, Nars etc..) - I was *SO* proud of him!! :)
2003 January 10, johnny dupe (quoting nowhere man), “Re: I can walk with jezus...”, inalt.fan.wings[10] (Usenet):
That was always OUR song (me andle girlfriend of the time).
2012 October 1, Miranda Kenneally,Stealing Parker, Sourcebooks, Inc.,→ISBN, page63:
That's when Waitress Seductress Extraordinaire comes back and gets our order.[…] "We're sharing an order of à la Appalachia, he says, handing over the menus and turning his focus back to me.Le waitress stomps off. I ask, "Why are they called that?" "Because when they've got the fries stacked up they're higher than a mountain range." I groan and touch my stomach. "You're funny," he says, his eyes twinkling.
Usually marks the speaker as pretending to be stereotypicallyFrench. For additional jocular effect, may be used where neither English nor French would place adefinite article.
Occasionally used with no association to French stereotypes, usually in certain online communities. In this context, initially associated withrage comics, with perceived overuse by apparent newcomers or outsiders (e.g.Redditors posting on4chan) leading to ironic and caricatural use.
^Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “le”, inAlbanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page215
^Camarda, Demetrio (1864),Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese (in Italian), Livorno: Successore di Egisto Vignozzi,page255
^Gjergj Pekmezi (1908), Grammar of the Albanian language, transl.,Grammatik der albanesischen Sprache (in German), Albanesicher Verein Dija (Albanian Association Dija), Wien - Austria, pages76-77
^Ernst Fraenkel (1962), Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary, transl.,Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), C. Winter, page329
^Çabej, Eqrem (1976), “le”, inStudime Gjuhësore II, Studime Etimologjike në Fushë të Shqipes, Prishtinë: Rilindja, page3120
Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “lej”, inAlbanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page217
AIS:Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] –map 56: “nascere” – onnavigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
Used before the names of most countries, many subnational regions, and other geographical names including names of lakes and streets; not translated into English in most cases.
Je vais visiterle Canada l'année prochaine, surtoutl'Ontario etle Québec.
I will be visiting Canada next year, especially Ontario and Quebec.
When the articlele is preceded by the prepositionsde orà,*de le or*à le is not used (except dialectally); instead, it is contracted intodu orau, respectively. Likewise,*de les and*à les are replaced bydes andaux (except dialectally). However,la may be preceded byde andà.
Il a une cicatriceau visage. ―He has a scar on the face. / He has a scar on his face.
*de le and*à le becomede l' andà l' respectively in front of a vowel or an unaspirated h.
1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’,à,pour,chez,dans,vers,sur,sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied. 2Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun. 3On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). 4 The nominal indeterminate formce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verbêtre as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms. 5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se ors’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive. 6Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonicvous-mêmes becomes singularvous-même. 7Ils,eux andeux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.
2026 January 18 (last accessed), “Élision avec un nombre écrit en lettres”, inBanque de dépannage linguistique[5], Office québécois de la langue française:
This term may also be part of the split form of a verb prefixed withle-, occurring when the main verb does not follow the prefix directly. It can be interpreted only with the related verb form, irrespective of its position in the sentence, e.g.meg tudták volnanézni(“they could haveseen it”,frommegnéz). For verbs with this prefix, seele-; for an overview,Appendix:Hungarian verbal prefixes.
le in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.
Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6
Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7
Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
8
Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
9
Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
10
Used after verbs.
11
Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
12
Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.
FromVulgar Latin*illae, a nonstandard form ofLatinillī (dative singular ofilla). Theae inillae is modelled under influence of the dative case for first-declension feminine nouns, e.g. Classical Latinpuellae. Cognate withSicilianci.
Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6
Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7
Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
8
Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
9
Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
10
Used after verbs.
11
Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
12
Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.
En 1923, se modernizo la identidad de las personas, pero a unos ermanos de mi Papule metieron en el nufus la alkunya Rodrik, i a la otra mitad de la famiya, la alkunya Rodriges.
People’s identities were modernised in 1923, but like some of my grandfather’s brothers they puthim on the Rodrik surname identity card, and as for my family’s other half, the surname Rodriges.
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
1874-1891 [Middle of the 15th century],Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności[18],[19],[20], volume XXII, page235:
Bo yako gymyenya wyeloscz a czczi tego swyata nabiczye cziny ludzi nadąte a pischne, tako potąpyenye a vbostwo,le skromne, czini vbogye duchem
[Bo jako jimienia wielość a czci tego świata nabycie czyni ludzi nadęte a pyszne, tako potępienie a ubostwo,le skromne, czyni ubogie duchem]
B. Sieradzka-Baziur,Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “le”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “le”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[23], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “le”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[24], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “le”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[25], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “le”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[26], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Generally, in standard Spanish,le is used forindirect objects (an exception is impersonal sentences withse, see senses 7 & 8) andlo,la,los andlas are used for direct objects. However, speakers from Spain often confuse these in various ways. Some speakers usele for direct objects (senses 5-8). This is known asleísmo ("le-ism"). Only leísmo of masculine animate objects (senses 5 & 6) is accepted by theRoyal Spanish Academy. Fewer speakers uselo andla for indirect objects (calledloísmo andlaísmo). This is proscribed.
Note that when a sentence contains a noun that is an indirect object, aredundant indirect objectle (or its plural formles) is also required; for exampleyole daré el libro aJorge(literally“I will givehim the book toJorge”), where him/le corresponds to Jorge. This type of pronoun is obligatory. Both of the object pronounsle andles becomese when followed by the direct objectlo/la/los/las; hence,yose lo daré(“I will give it tohim/her/them”) rather than*yole/les lo daré.
Like other masculine words, masculine pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
Treated as if it were third person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity.
Ifle orles precedeslo,la,los, orlas in a clause, it is replaced withse (e.g.se lo dije instead of*le lo dije).
Used primarily in Spain.
Only used in certain circumstances and rarely as a subject pronoun.
togrin (when more or less interchangeable withsmile – for example of a more "genuine" or "beautiful" grin – compareflina andflin)
1996,Drängarna [The Farmhands], “Kung över ängarna [King of[over] the Meadows]”, inFint vettö [vettu] [Nice Y'know][27]:
Jag lägger mig i gräset ner. Ligger still och baraler.Slumrartill ochsnarkar tyst. Drömmer om en kvinnasbyst. Då ser jag nån som emot mig går,liderlig medutsläppt hår. Hon ärvacker som en dag. I samma stundsåvaknar jag.Svär [bit hard to make out the S] etttag men tänker sen: Hon kommer nog till mig inatt igen.Ännu lyser solen stark i skog ochmark.
I lie down in the grass ["Jag lägger mig ner i gräset" is the usual word order.Ner(“down”) can be skipped]. [I] lie still and justgrin [or smile]. [I] doze off and snore quietly. [I] dream of a woman's bosom. Then I see someone walking towards me ["Då ser jag nån som går emot mig" is the usual word order], lustful [in an unrestrained manner – old-fashioned – often used to imply "lecherous," but also more generally] with her hair let down [with out-released hair]. She is pretty as a picture ["beautiful as a day" – idiom]. At that moment [in the same moment] I wake up. [I] swear for a bit but then [I] think: She will probably come to me tonight again ["Igen inatt" is a more common word order in Swedish as well]. The sun still shines bright ["yet shines (V2 word order) the sun strong" – could be translated as "still the sun shines bright" to match, but sounds less awkward in Swedish] in woods and fields ["forest and (wild) land" – idiomatic]. [Could also be put in the present continuous. Matches the intuition in Swedish with the [I]s. See the usage notes for-r.]
Note: This amalgamation of terms comes from a number of different academic papers focused on the unique varieties and languages spoken in the Yoruboid dialectal continuum which extends from eastern Togo to southern Nigeria. The terms for spoken varieties, now deemed dialects of Yorùbá in Nigeria (i.e. Southeast Yorùbá, Northwest Yorùbá, Central Yorùbá, and Northeast Yorùbá), have converged with those of Standard Yorùbá leading to the creation of what can be labeled Common Yorùbá (Funṣọ Akere, 1977). It can be assumed that the Standard Yorùbá term can also be used in most Nigerian varieties alongside native terms, especially amongst younger speakers. This does not apply to the other Nigerian Yoruboid languages of Ìṣẹkírì and Olùkùmi, nor the Èdè Languages of Benin and Togo.
