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Declension oflabor (ÕS type2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		labor	laborid
accusative	nom.	labor
accusative	gen.	labori
genitive		labori	laborite
partitive		laborit	laboreid
illative		laborisse	laboritesse laboreisse
inessive		laboris	laborites laboreis
elative		laborist	laboritest laboreist
allative		laborile	laboritele laboreile
adessive		laboril	laboritel laboreil
ablative		laborilt	laboritelt laboreilt
translative		laboriks	laboriteks laboreiks
terminative		laborini	laboriteni
essive		laborina	laboritena
abessive		laborita	laboriteta
comitative		laboriga	laboritega

References

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labor inSõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)
“labor”, in[EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation),2009

Hungarian

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromGermanLabor.^[1]

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ˈlɒbor]
Hyphenation:la‧bor

Noun

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labor (plurallaborok)

(informal)lab,laboratory
Synonym:laboratórium

Declension

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Inflection (stem in-o-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	labor	laborok
accusative	labort	laborokat
dative	labornak	laboroknak
instrumental	laborral	laborokkal
causal-final	laborért	laborokért
translative	laborrá	laborokká
terminative	laborig	laborokig
essive-formal	laborként	laborokként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	laborban	laborokban
superessive	laboron	laborokon
adessive	labornál	laboroknál
illative	laborba	laborokba
sublative	laborra	laborokra
allative	laborhoz	laborokhoz
elative	laborból	laborokból
delative	laborról	laborokról
ablative	labortól	laboroktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	laboré	laboroké
non-attributive possessive – plural	laboréi	laborokéi

Possessive forms oflabor
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	laborom	laborjaim
2nd person sing.	laborod	laborjaid
3rd person sing.	laborja	laborjai
1st person plural	laborunk	laborjaink
2nd person plural	laborotok	laborjaitok
3rd person plural	laborjuk	laborjaik

References

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^Tótfalusi, István.Idegenszó-tár: Idegen szavak értelmező és etimológiai szótára (’A Storehouse of Foreign Words: an explanatory and etymological dictionary of foreign words’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005.→ISBN

Latin

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Latinlabōs, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from aProto-Indo-European root*leb-(“to seize, take”), whenceSanskritलभते(labhate,“take, gain”) andLithuanianlõbis(“wealth”). More commonly connected withlabō(“I totter”)^[1] (see Etymology 2 below), via semantic development "teetering under a heavy load" → "burden" → "work", but this is rejected by De Vaan, who however provides no alternative.^[2] The semantic connection is weak in either case.

Prósper (2019, 27 (483)) suggests a possible root*dh̥₂bʰ-ōs, cognate withLithuaniandobti(“to strike, beat, kill,(dial.) torment, exhaust”). See source for more.

work
labor,toil,exertion
Synonyms:cōnātus,studium,opus,opera,cūra,mōlīmen,intēnsiō,mōlēs,pulvis
- 8CE,Ovid,Fasti4.641–642:
  rege Numa, frūctū nōn respondentelabōrī,
  inrita dēceptī vōta colentīs erant
  When Numa was king, the produce not respondingto the labor,
  prayers were ineffective, the farmer deceived
(chiefly poetic)hardship,trouble,fatigue,suffering,drudgery,distress
- c. 52BCE,Julius Caesar,Commentarii de Bello GallicoVII.28:
  Labore operis incitati
  Incitedby the fatigue of the work
- 8CE,Ovid,Fasti6.384–385:
  et mediae tempora noctis erant, iam ducibus somnum dederatlabor
  It was midnight, and by now theirfatigue had given the leaders sleep.
illness
Synonyms:aegritūdō,morbus,malum,pestis,incommodum,valētūdō,infirmitas
Antonyms:salūs,valētūdō
the pain accompanying childbirth,labour

Declension

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Third-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	labor	labōrēs
genitive	labōris	labōrum
dative	labōrī	labōribus
accusative	labōrem	labōrēs
ablative	labōre	labōribus
vocative	labor	labōrēs

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Italo-Dalmatian:
- Istriot:lavur
- Italian:lavoro
- Sicilian:lavuri
- Venetan:łavóro,laóro
Rhaeto-Romance:
- Friulian:lavôr
- Ladin:lëur
- Romansch:lavur
Gallo-Romance:
- Catalan:llavor
Ibero-Romance:
- Asturian:llabor
- >? Galician:labor
- Portuguese:lavor
Borrowings:
- → Catalan:labor
- → Old French:labor
  - French:labeur
  - → English:labor,labour
- → Esperanto:laboro
- → Ido:laboro
- → Portuguese:labor
- → Romanian:laboare
- → Spanish:labor
- → Proto-Brythonic:*llaβʉr
  - Breton:laur
  - Middle Cornish:lavur
    - Cornish:lavur
  - Middle Welsh:llauur
    - Welsh:llafur

Etymology 2

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Perhaps fromProto-Indo-European*(s)leh₂b-(“to hang loosely, be weak”), and cognate withlabō,Englishsleep,Proto-Slavic*slàbъ(“weak”).^[3]

Pronunciation

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(Classical Latin)IPA^(key): [ˈɫaː.bɔr]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): [ˈlaː.bor]

Verb

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lābor (present infinitivelābī,perfect activelāpsus sum);third conjugation,deponent

toslip,slide,glide;(of fluids) toflow gently
- c. 37BCE – 30BCE,Virgil,Georgics2.346–353:
  Quod superest, quaecumque premes virgulta per agros,
  Sparge fimo pingui et multa memor occule terra,
  Aut lapidem bibulum aut squalentis infode conchas;
  Inter enimlabentur aquae tenuisque subibit
  Halitus atque animos tollent sata; iamque reperti,
  Qui saxo super atque ingentis pondere testae
  Urgerent; hoc effusos munimen ad imbris,
  Hoc, ubi hiulca siti findit canis aestifer arva.
  Translation byJames B. Greenough
  For the rest, whate'er
  The sets thou plantest in thy fields, thereon
  Strew refuse rich, and with abundant earth
  Take heed to hide them, and dig in withal
  Rough shells or porous stone, for therebetween
  Will water trickle and fine vapour creep,
  And so the plants their drooping spirits raise.
  Aye, and there have been, who with weight of stone
  Or heavy potsherd press them from above;
  This serves for shield in pelting showers, and this
  When the hot dog-star chaps the fields with drought.
tofall, sink down
toslip,stumble
tovanish,passaway,elapse,escape
Synonyms:fugiō,effugiō,ēvādō,refugiō,cōnfugiō,diffugiō,aufugiō,prōfugiō,āvolō,ēripiō,ēlābor
- 8CE,Ovid,Fasti6.771–772:
  Temporalābuntur, tacitīsque senēscimus annīs,
  et fugiunt frēnō nōn remorante diēs.
  Timespass away, and with years unnoticed we grow old, and days flee with no bridle holding [them] back.
to be mistaken,be wrong,err, commit a fault
Synonyms:dēlinquō,errō,committō,offendō

Conjugation

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This verb takes the future passive participlelābundus instead of*lābendus.

Conjugation oflābor (third conjugation,deponent)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	lābor	lāberis, lābere		lābitur	lābimur	lābiminī		lābuntur
	imperfect	lābēbar	lābēbāris, lābēbāre		lābēbātur	lābēbāmur	lābēbāminī		lābēbantur
	future	lābar	lābēris, lābēre		lābētur	lābēmur	lābēminī		lābentur
	perfect	lāpsus + present active indicative ofsum
	pluperfect	lāpsus + imperfect active indicative ofsum
	future perfect	lāpsus + future active indicative ofsum
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	lābar	lābāris, lābāre		lābātur	lābāmur	lābāminī		lābantur
	imperfect	lāberer	lāberēris, lāberēre		lāberētur	lāberēmur	lāberēminī		lāberentur
	perfect	lāpsus + present active subjunctive ofsum
	pluperfect	lāpsus + imperfect active subjunctive ofsum
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	lābere		—	—	lābiminī		—
active	future	—	lābitor		lābitor	—	—		lābuntor
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		lābī		—		lābēns		—
future		lāpsūrum esse		—		lāpsūrus		lābendus, lābundus
perfect		lāpsum esse		—		lāpsus		—
future perfect		lāpsum fore		—		—		—
perfect potential		lāpsūrum fuisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		lābendī	lābendō		lābendum	lābendō	lāpsum		lāpsū

Derived terms

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References

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^Roberts, Edward A. (2014),A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Xlibris Corporation,→ISBN
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “labor”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page320
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “labō, -āre”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages319-20

Anagrams

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albor,labrō

Portuguese

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromLatinlabōrem.

Pronunciation

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(Brazil)IPA^(key): /laˈboʁ/[laˈboh]

(Brazil)IPA^(key): /laˈboʁ/[laˈboh]
- (São Paulo)IPA^(key): /laˈboɾ/
- (Rio de Janeiro)IPA^(key): /laˈboʁ/[laˈboχ]
- (Southern Brazil)IPA^(key): /laˈboɻ/