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lên

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:Appendix:Variations of "len"

Vietnamese

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Etymology

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FromProto-Vietic*leːɲ, fromProto-Mon-Khmer*luŋ ~ *luəŋ ~ *ləŋ(“above, on”) (reconstruction in Shorto, 2006); related totrên. Cognate withMuongliênh,Chut [Rục]liːŋ¹,Samreliɲ ("to go up; on"),Khmerឡើង(laəng),Semelaileŋ ("upwards, upstream"),Juangaliŋ-ta ("above, from above, on; up, upon"),Korkuliɲ ("up, above").

Note that the reconstruction by Ferlus (2007) is inaccurate at Proto-Vietic level. The fronting of final*-ŋ to*-ɲ after front vowels only occured at Common Viet-Muong stage, not Proto-Vietic proper, hence non-Viet-Muong languages (like Rục) keep final*-ŋ intact. The reconstruction*leːɲ is thus accurate for the Common Viet-Muong stage, but the Proto-Vietic form can be mended to*leːŋ instead.

For some other examples of Common Viet-Muong fronting of*-ŋ after front vowels, compare Viet.đến vs. Cuối Chămteːŋ³, Viet.cù lần vs. Cuối Chămkuː¹ liŋ¹, Viet.chân vs. Rụcciːŋ².

Pronunciation

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(Hà Nội)IPA^(key): [len˧˧]
(Huế)IPA^(key): [len˧˧]
(Saigon)IPA^(key): [ləːn˧˧]
Audio(Hà Nội): (file)
Audio(Saigon): (file)

Verb

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lên• (蓮,連,𨑗,𨕭,𨖲,𫧧,𬨠,𬨺)

togo up,come up,rise
to be orreach a certain age
to get on (avehicle)
thẻlên máy bay ―boarding pass
lên xe ―toget on/in the car
to go to (a more developed area)
lên thành phố ―togo to the city
(of a machine) to beactivated
bật máylên ―toturn on the machine

Lên is used after an adjective to indicate an upward development of a character or state of a person or thing. The adjective needs not to have positive connotation, although they often do. Similar usage is seen withđi, usually used with adjectives with more neutral or negative connotation.

Dạo này trông mậplên hử? ―It seems you have been gaining weight lately, huh?

Nhanhlên! Trễ bây giờ. ―Quick! We might be late.