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kuka

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "kuka"

Finnish

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Etymology

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FromProto-Finnic*ku, fromProto-Uralic*ku- ~ *ko-. The nominative and genitive singular forms, which would have otherwise been monosyllabic, have been extended with-ka (as withjoka andmikä). Cognate withEstoniankumb(“which”),Erzyaкона(kona,“which”),кода(koda,“how”),Hungarianhol(“where”),Forest Enets[script needed](hōke,“which one”),Nganasan[script needed](kuninu,“where”), andKamassian[script needed](kāmǝ̑n,“if”).

Inflected forms in modern Finnish aresuppletive, deriving from a merger withken (see the inflection section).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈkukɑ/,[ˈkukɑ̝]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes:-ukɑ
  • Syllabification(key):ku‧ka
  • Hyphenation(key):ku‧ka

Pronoun

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kuka

  1. (interrogative)who
    Kuka on ovella?
    Who is at the door?
  2. (relative)who(as an 'independent' relative pronoun; see the usage notes)
    En tiedäkuka sen teki.
    I don't knowwho did it.
  3. (relative, dialectal)who
    Synonyms:joka,mikä

Usage notes

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  • The singular forms are sometimes used colloquially instead of the actual plural forms.ketä is particularly common forkeitä. In some dialects,ketä is used as the nominative singular form in place ofkuka.
  • kuka is only used as an 'independent' relative pronoun in standard Finnish. It is used for persons, whilemikä is used otherwise. See the usage notes ofmikä for more on this usage (#4). Outside of this usage (e.g. when attached to a demonstrative pronoun likese),kuka is used as a relative pronoun only in dialects, andjoka ormikä is used instead.
  • kuka may behave as an indefinite pronoun with an additional word likeikinä,hyvänsä,tahansa (afterkuka), orvaikka (beforekuka). Some relative uses may also be indefinite:
    Olikuka oli.(dismissive nuance)
    Whoever it was.
    (literally, “[It] waswho [it] was.”)

Inflection

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  • In modern Finnish, forms based on the stem formke- orkene- are the usual inflected forms of the interrogative personal pronoun. Inflected forms based on the stemku- are nowarchaic and somewhatpoetic, even though the nominative singularkuka is modern. Conversely, the alternative nominative formken is now archaic or poetic.
  • The illative, adessive, ablative and allative singular cases have alternative forms of equal value; both forms are commonly used. Thus,keneen ~kehen,kenellä ~kellä,kenelle ~kelle andkeneltä ~keltä exist in free variation. Some speakers may consider the former forms to be somewhat more formal, but no such prescription exists.
  • As with personal pronouns, a specialaccusative form exists:kenet (compareminut,sinut, etc.).
  • Some cases ofkuka/ken are hardly used at all. The inflection table below shows the archaic or otherwise rarely used forms in brackets.
  • The instructive pluralkuin(ka)*, the instructive singularkun* and the causative singularkuten* (with the dated, archaic formkutenka*) are used as adverbs with completely different meanings from “who”.
  • In the inflection table below, poetic and/or archaic forms are shown in brackets and modern usage without brackets.
Declension ofkuka
noun casesingularpluraladverbial formsingularplural
nominativekuka (ken)(kutka)ketkäsuperessive––
genitive(kunka)kenen(kuiden)keiden
(kuitten)keitten		delative––
partitive(kuta)ketä(kuita)keitäsublative––
accusative(kunka)kenet(kutka)ketkälative––
inessive(kussa)kenessä(kuissa)keissätemporal(kulloin)–
elative(kusta)kenestä(kuista)keistäcausative(kuten*,kutenka*)–
illative(kuhun)keneen, kehen(kuihin)keihinmultiplicative––
adessive(kulla)kenellä, kellä(kuilla)keillädistributive––
ablative(kulta)keneltä, keltä(kuilta)keiltätemp. dist.––
allative(kulle)kenelle, kelle(kuille)keilleprolative––
essive(kuna)kenenä, kenä(kuina)keinäsituative––
translative(kuksi)keneksi(kuiksi)keiksioppositive––
abessive(kutta)kenettä(kuitta)keittä
instructive(kun*)(kuin,kuinka*) (—)
comitative––

Synonyms

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  • ken(see the inflection section above)

Derived terms

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compounds

Related terms

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See also

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Further reading

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Anagrams

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Hawaiian

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Etymology

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FromEnglishcoat.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈku.ka/,[ˈku.kə]

Noun

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kuka

  1. coat

Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Uncertain; perhaps anItalian loan word, compareNorthern Italiancuco(“goofy”).

Adjective

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kuka

  2. dumb (as a fish),tongue-tied (not saying a word)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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ViaCzech, fromGermanKUKA, short forKeller und Knappich Augsburg, a German firm which manufactured and supplied orange refuse collection vehicles. Today the company KUKA produces industrial robots and automation technologies.

Noun

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kuka (pluralkukák)

  2. garbage can,trash can,refusebin(especially an outdoor container)
    Coordinate terms:szemetes,szemetesvödör,szemétkosár,szemetesláda,szemétláda
Declension
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Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
singularplural
nominativekukakukák
accusativekukátkukákat
dativekukánakkukáknak
instrumentalkukávalkukákkal
causal-finalkukáértkukákért
translativekukávákukákká
terminativekukáigkukákig
essive-formalkukakéntkukákként
essive-modal——
inessivekukábankukákban
superessivekukánkukákon
adessivekukánálkukáknál
illativekukábakukákba
sublativekukárakukákra
allativekukáhozkukákhoz
elativekukábólkukákból
delativekukárólkukákról
ablativekukátólkukáktól
non-attributive
possessive – singular		kukáékukáké
non-attributive
possessive – plural		kukáéikukákéi
Possessive forms ofkuka
possessorsingle possessionmultiple possessions
1st person sing.kukámkukáim
2nd person sing.kukádkukáid
3rd person sing.kukájakukái
1st person pluralkukánkkukáink
2nd person pluralkukátokkukáitok
3rd person pluralkukájukkukáik

Further reading

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  • (dumb):kuka in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.
  • (garbage can):kuka in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.
  • (wooden hook used for drying tobacco):kuka in Géza Bárczi,László Országh,et al., editors,A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN.

Ingrian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Finnic*kuka, fromProto-Uralic*ku-. Cognates withFinnishkuka(“who”).

The inflected forms derive fromProto-Finnic*ku.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kuka

  1. which? (of many)

Declension

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Declension ofkuka
singularplural
nominativekukakut
genitivekunen
partitivekuta
illativekuhu
inessivekus
elativekust
allativekulle
adessivekul
ablativekult
translativekuks
essivekunenna
*) theaccusative corresponds with either thegenitive (sg) ornominative (pl)

Derived terms

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References

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  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971),Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page212

Mwani

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Etymology

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FromProto-Bantu*-gɪ̀a.

Verb

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kuka

  1. togo

Pitjantjatjara

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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kuka

  1. edibleanimal
  2. meat

Derived terms

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Polish

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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kuka

  1. third-personsingularpresent ofkukać

Quechua

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Etymology

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Perhaps fromAymara.

Noun

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kuka

  1. coca

Declension

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Declension ofkuka
singularplural
nominativekukakukakuna
accusativekukatakukakunata
dativekukamankukakunaman
genitivekukapkukakunap
locativekukapikukakunapi
terminativekukakamakukakunakama
ablativekukamantakukakunamanta
instrumentalkukawankukakunawan
comitativekukantinkukakunantin
abessivekukannaqkukakunannaq
comparativekukahinakukakunahina
causativekukaraykukukakunarayku
benefactivekukapaqkukakunapaq
associativekukapurakukakunapura
distributivekukankakukakunanka
exclusivekukallakukakunalla
Possessive forms ofkuka

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Slavic*kuka(“hook, hook-shaped”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kûka/
  • Hyphenation:ku‧ka

Noun

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kȕka f (Cyrillic spellingку̏ка)

  1. hook
Declension
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Declension ofkuka
singularplural
nominativekȕkakȕke
genitivekukekȗkā
dativekukikukama
accusativekukukuke
vocativekukokuke
locativekukikukama
instrumentalkukomkukama

Further reading

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  • “kuka”, inHrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian),2006–2025

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kûka/
  • Hyphenation:ku‧ka

Noun

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kȕka f (Cyrillic spellingку̏ка)

  1. Mediterranean slipper lobster (Scyllarides latus)
Declension
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Declension ofkuka
singularplural
nominativekȕkakȕke
genitivekukekȗkā
dativekukikukama
accusativekukukuke
vocativekukokuke
locativekukikukama
instrumentalkukomkukama

Further reading

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  • “kuka”, inHrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian),2006–2025

Etymology 3

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See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

Noun

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kuka (Cyrillic spellingкука)

  1. genitivesingular ofkuk

Swedish

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Verb

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kuka (presentkukar,preteritekukade,supinekukat,imperativekuka)

  1. only used inkuka ur

Tok Pisin

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Noun

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kuka

  1. crab

Tokelauan

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishcook.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈku.ka]
  • Hyphenation:ku‧ka

Noun

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kuka

  1. cook,chef
  2. cookedfood

Verb

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kuka

  1. (transitive) tocook

Derived terms

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References

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  • R. Simona, editor (1986),Tokelau Dictionary‎[2], Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page168

Yosondúa Mixtec

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Etymology

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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kuka

  1. comb

Derived terms

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References

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  • Beaty de Farris, Kathryn; et al. (2012),Diccionario básico del mixteco de Yosondúa, Oaxaca (Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves”;46)‎[3] (in Spanish), third edition,Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page40
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