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kind

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Kindand-kind

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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    FromMiddle Englishkynde,kinde, fromOld Englishcynd,ġecynd(“inherent nature, disposition, kind, gender, generation, race”), fromProto-West Germanic*kundi, fromProto-Germanic*kinþiz, related to Proto-Germanic*kunją(“race, kin”) andOld Englishcennan(“to bear, give birth”).

    Cognate withOld High Germangikunt(“nature, kind”),Icelandickind(“race, species, kind”).Doublet ofgens,genesis, andjati. See alsokin.

    Alternative forms

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    Noun

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    kind (pluralkinds)

    1. Atype,race orcategory; a group of entities that have common characteristics such that they may be grouped together.
      Whatkind of (a) person are you?
      This is a strangekind of tobacco.
      Whatkind of ice-cream would you like? There's chocolate, strawberry, and lemon.
      • 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC, stanza 1:
        How diversely Love doth his pageants play, / And shews his powre in variablekinds !
      • 1921,Ben Travers, chapter 1, inA Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, Page & Company, published1925,→OCLC:
        “[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. Thekind that have mottoes like
          Here's rattling good luck and roaring good cheer, / With lashings of food and great hogsheads of beer.[…]”
      • 2022, James Dominic Rooney,Material Objects in Confucian and Aristotelian Metaphysics, page166:
        That in virtue of which all of his material parts are of the samekindhuman being is what makes those parts belong to Hook, but Hook is neither identical with hiskind (the essence ofhuman being), nor is Hook merely that which makes him a member of thekind or all his parts human (his soul).
    2. Amakeshift or otherwiseatypical specimen.
      The opening served as akind of window.
    3. (archaic) One's inherentnature;character, natural disposition.
      • 1533, Thomas More,The second parte of the confutacion of Tyndals answere in whyche is also confuted the chyrche that Tyndale deuyseth:
        Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged inkynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees.
      • 1551, Thomas Wilson,The rule of reason, conteinyng the arte of logique:
        The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either inkynd, or els in nombre.
      • 1665, Robert Boyle,Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects. Whereto is premis'd a Discourse about such kind of thoughts:
        'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, inKind, or not Superiour to them in Degree.
      • 2002, D. DeGrazia,Animal Rights:
        He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not inkind.
    4. (archaic)Family,lineage.
      • "She Moved through the Fair" (traditional Irish folk song)
        My young love said to me, My mother won’t mind
        And my father won’t slight you for your lack ofkind.
    5. (archaic)Manner.
    7. Goods or services used as payment, as e.g. inbarter.
      inkind ―with goods or services instead of with money
      I don't have any money but I can pay inkind by washing the dishes.
      • 1691,John Dryden,Prologue toKing Arthur:
        Some of you, on pure instinct of nature, / Are led bykind t'admire your fellow-creature.
    8. Equivalentmeans used asresponse to an action.
      inkind ―in a similar manner
      I'll pay inkind for his insult.
    9. (Christianity) Each of the twoelements of thecommunion service,bread andwine.
    10. (type theory) Thetype of a typeconstructor or a higher-order type operator.
      Thekind of any primitive data type is *, corresponding to anullary constructor.
    11. (Caribbean, in compounds)Food in a particular category.
      • 1998, Easton Lee,From Behind the Counter: Poems from a Rural Jamaican Experience:
        Fishkind was what she ate then.
      • 2005 January 1, Michaeline A. Crichlow,Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development, Lexington Books,→ISBN, page116:
        The farmers had plenty of ground provisions, but there was no "meatkind."
      • 201306, Wellesley Gayle,The Jamaica Insider Guide, Lulu.com,→ISBN, page30:
        They can be served with fried fish, chicken, ackee and salt fish or other meatkind, as well as eaten separately as a treat.
    Usage notes
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    • In the sense of “goods or services” or “equivalent means”,kind is almost exclusively used in the expressionin kind.
    Synonyms
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    The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. For synonyms and antonyms you may use the templates{{syn|en|...}} or{{ant|en|...}}.

    (1) and/or (2)

    Derived terms
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    Related terms
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    Translations
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    type, race, category—see alsotype,‎sort,‎class,‎category,‎clan,‎caste,‎ethnicity
    atypical specimen
    character or nature—see alsonature,‎character
    goods and services as payment—seein kind
    equivalent means as response—seein kind
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Etymology 2

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      FromMiddle Englishkynde,kinde, fromOld Englishcynde,ġecynde(“innate, natural, native”), fromOld Englishcynd,ġecynd(“nature, kind”).

      Alternative forms

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      Adjective

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      kind (comparativekinder,superlativekindest)

      1. Having abenevolent,courteous,friendly,generous,gentle,liberal,sympathetic, orwarm-heartednature ordisposition, marked byconsideration for – andservice to – others.
      2. Affectionate.
        akind man; akind heart
      3. Favorable.
      4. Mild, gentle, forgiving
        The years have beenkind to Richard Gere; he ages well.
      5. Gentle;tractable;easilygoverned.
        a horsekind in harness
      6. (obsolete) Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native.
      Synonyms
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      Derived terms
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      terms derived fromkind (adjective)
      Translations
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      benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous
      affectionate, nice—see alsokindhearted,‎nice
      favorable
      mild, gentle
      gentle; tractable; easily governed
      belonging to one's nature
      The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
      Translations to be checked

      Further reading

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      Anagrams

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      Afrikaans

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      Etymology

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      FromDutchkind, fromMiddle Dutchkint, fromOld Dutchkint, fromProto-Germanic*kindą(“offspring”), fromProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁tóm.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind (pluralkinders)

      1. child

      Anagrams

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      Danish

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      Etymology

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      FromOld Norsekinn, fromProto-Germanic*kinnuz, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénu-(“cheek”). CompareSwedishkind, Norwegian andIcelandickinn, Low German andGermanKinn,Dutchkin,Englishchin.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind c (singular definitekinden,plural indefinitekinder)

      1. cheek

      Inflection

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      Declension ofkind
      common
      gender      		singularplural
      indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
      nominativekindkindenkinderkinderne
      genitivekindskindenskinderskindernes

      Dutch

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      DutchWikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedianl

      Etymology

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      FromMiddle Dutchkint, fromOld Dutchkint, fromProto-West Germanic*kind(“offspring”), fromProto-Germanic*kindą(“offspring”), fromProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁tóm(“that which is produced, that which is given birth to”), related to*ǵn̥h₁tós(“produced, given birth”), from*ǵenh₁-(“to produce, to give birth”).

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind n (pluralkinderenorkinders,diminutivekindje norkindertje norkindeken norkindelijn n)

      1. child,kid, non-adult human
        Synonyms:koter,(dated)wicht
        Hij heeft alskind leren schaatsen. ―He learned how to ice-skate as achild.
      2. first-degreedescendant, still a minor or irrespective of age
        Synonyms:afstammeling,nakomeling,telg
        Mijnkinderen zijn intussen allemaal volwassen. ―Mychildren are all adults by now.
      3. (figuratively)product of influence, breeding etc.
        Deze kunstwerken zijn eenkind van de moderne kunstbeweging. ―These artworks are aproduct of the modern art movement.

      Usage notes

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      • The normal plural iskinderen (a double plural combining the endings-er (archaic) and-en, also found in a few other neuter nouns). The formkinders is heard colloquially, often also humorously.
      • In compounds, the word can take the formkinder- orkind- as a tail. The former is used more often, however.
      • The diminutivekindelijn is now archaic, but can still be found in some fossilized songs and religious texts.

      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      See also

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      Icelandic

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      IcelandicWikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipediais

      Etymology

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      FromOld Norsekind, fromProto-Germanic*kinþiz, cognate withLatingēns(“clan, tribe”). The sense of “sheep” is derived from the compoundsauðkind, literally “sheep-kind”.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind f (genitive singularkindar,nominative pluralkinduror(in the meaning "race, kind, kin")kindir)

      1. (obsolete)race,kind,kin
      2. asheep (especially aewe)
        Synonyms:rolla,sauðkind
      3. (dated) used as a term of disparagement for agirl (orwoman)

      Declension

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      Declension ofkind (feminine)
      singularplural
      indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
      nominativekindkindinkindur,kindir1kindurnar,kindirnar1
      accusativekindkindinakindur,kindir1kindurnar,kindirnar1
      dativekindkindinnikindumkindunum
      genitivekindarkindarinnarkindakindanna

      1In the meaning "race, kind, kin".

      Derived terms

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      Middle English

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      Etymology 1

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      Noun

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      kind

      1. (especially Northern)alternative form ofkynde

      Etymology 2

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      Adjective

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      kind

      1. (Northern)alternative form ofkynde

      Norwegian Nynorsk

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      Etymology

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      FromOld Norsekind f, fromProto-Germanic*kinþiz, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénh₁tis. Akin toEnglishkind.

      Noun

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      kind m (definite singularkinden,indefinite pluralkindar,definite pluralkindane)
      kind n (definite singularkindet,indefinite pluralkind,definite pluralkinda)

      1. achild in acradle

      References

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      Old Norse

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      Etymology

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      FromProto-Germanic*kinþiz. CompareLatingēns(“clan, tribe”).

      Noun

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      kind f (genitivekindar,pluralkindirorkindr)

      1. race,kind,kin
      2. creature,being

      Declension

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      Declension ofkind (strongi-stem)
      femininesingularplural
      indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
      nominativekindkindinkindir,kindrkindirnar,kindrnar
      accusativekindkindinakindir,kindrkindirnar,kindrnar
      dativekindkindinnikindumkindunum
      genitivekindarkindarinnarkindakindanna

      Derived terms

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      Descendants

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      Further reading

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      • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “kind”, inA Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at theInternet Archive

      Old Saxon

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      Etymology

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      FromProto-West Germanic*kind(“child”), fromProto-Germanic*kindą,*kinþą, from Pre-Germanic*ǵénh₁tom, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁-(“to bear, give birth”).

      Noun

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      kind n

      1. child

      Declension

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      kind (neuter a-stem)
      singularplural
      nominativekindkind
      accusativekindkind
      genitivekindeskindō
      dativekindekindun
      instrumental——
      kind (z-stem)
      singularplural
      nominativekindkindiru
      accusativekindkindiru
      genitivekindeskindirō
      dativekindekindirum
      instrumental——

      Descendants

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      Swedish

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      SwedishWikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipediasv
      en kind

      Etymology

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      FromOld Norsekinn, fromProto-Germanic*kinnuz, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénu-(“cheek”). CompareDanishkind, Norwegian andIcelandickinn,GermanKinn,Dutchkin,Englishchin.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      kind c

      1. (anatomy)cheek (part of the face)
        • (Can wedate this quote?), “Huvud, axlar, knä(n) och tå(r) [Head, Shoulders, Knee(s) and Toe(s)[singular in most other versions]]”‎[1]performed byMora Träsk:
          Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår. Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår. Ögon, öron,kinden klappen får. Huvud, axlar, knän och tår, knän och tår.
          Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes. Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes. Eyes, ears,the cheek gets the pat ["Kinden får klappen" is the normal word order, like in English, but switching it around does not sound ungrammatical in Swedish]. Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes.

      Usage notes

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      False friend of Englishchin. Seehaka.

      Declension

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      Declension ofkind
      nominativegenitive
      singularindefinitekindkinds
      definitekindenkindens
      pluralindefinitekinderkinders
      definitekindernakindernas

      Derived terms

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      References

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      Zealandic

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      Etymology

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      FromMiddle Dutchkint.

      Noun

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      kind n (pluralkinders)

      1. child
      Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=kind&oldid=89304134"
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