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kami

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "kami"
Languages (29)
English
Aklanon • Alangan • Amis • Cebuano • Central Bikol • French • Hanunoo • Hiligaynon • Iban • Indonesian • Inonhan • Japanese • Javanese • Kapampangan • Malay • Mansaka • Maranao • Mongondow • Musi • Old Sundanese • Ratagnon • Sakizaya • Serbo-Croatian • Sundanese • Tagalog • Tausug • West Miraya Bikol • Yogad
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English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
A painting depictingAmaterasu, an important femalekami in the Shinto religion.

Etymology 1

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Borrowed fromJapanese神(kami,“god, spirit, deity”).

Noun

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Wikidata lexemes logo

kami (pluralkamisorkami)

  1. (religion, Shinto) Ananimisticgod orspirit in theShinto religion ofJapan.
  2. (philosophy) The metaphysical causal generator of motion, life, or divinish aura.
Translations
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a god or spirit in the Shinto religion of Japan

Etymology 2

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Two sheets ofkami fororigami, and a traditional origamicrane.

Borrowed fromJapanese紙(kami,“paper”).

Noun

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kami (pluralkami)

  1. (papercraft) A basicorigamipaper, usually printed with a colour or pattern on one side.
Translations
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origami paper

Anagrams

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Aklanon

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Etymology

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FromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kami

  1. we (exclusive)

Alangan

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Pronoun

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kamí

  1. we(exclusive of the person spoken to)

Amis

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Etymology

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FromProto-Austronesian*kami.CompareMalaykami(“we”).

Pronoun

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kami

  1. we(exclusive of the person spoken to)

See also

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Amis personal pronouns
singularplural
1st personkakokami (exclusive)
kita (inclusive)
2nd personkisokamo
3rd personciiracaira

Cebuano

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Pronunciation

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  • Hyphenation:ka‧mi
  • IPA(key): /kaˈmi/ [kɐˈmi]

Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kamí (Badlit spellingᜃᜋᜒ)

  1. we;us (1st person plural exclusive absolutive form)
See also
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Cebuano personal pronouns
directindirect (postposed)indirect (preposed)oblique
Length:fullshort1fullshort2basesuffixed-afullshort
singularfirst personakókonakò3ko3akòakoakanakònakò
second personikáwkanimomoimoimohakanimonimo
third personsiyániyaiyaiyahakaniyaniya
pluralfirst
person		inclusivekitátanatòtaatòatoakanatònatò
exclusivekamíminamòamòamoakanamònamò
second personkamómoninyoinyoinyohakaninyoninyo
third personsilánilailailahakanilanila

1 Forms in this column are placed after the verb or predicate they modify, and never used at the start of sentences.
2 Forms in this column are literary and rarely used colloquially.
3Ta is used overnako orko where the focus is a second-person singular pronoun.


Etymology 2

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Borrowed fromGiangankami.

Noun

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kamí (Badlit spellingᜃᜋᜒ)

  1. (Davao)Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni)

Central Bikol

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kaˈmi/ [kaˈmi]
  • Hyphenation:ka‧mi

Pronoun

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kamí (Basahan spellingᜃᜋᜒ)

  1. we(exclusive of the person spoken to)
    Nagtatrabahokami sa sarong kompanya. Ika?
    We work at a company. You?

See also

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Central Bikol personal pronouns
PersonNumberAbsoluteErgativeOblique
LengthFullShortFullShort
Firstsingularakokosakuya,sako
plural inclusivekitanyatotasatuya,sato
plural exclusivekaminyamomisamuya,samo
Secondsingularikakamosaimo,simo
pluralkamonindosaindo
Thirdsingularsiyaniyasaiya
pluralsindanindasainda

French

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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kami m (invariable)

  1. kami(spirit)

Further reading

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Hanunoo

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Etymology

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FromProto-Austronesian*k-ami(“we (exclusive)”,1pl. excl. nominative pronoun).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kaˈmi/[kɐˈmi]
  • Rhymes:-i
  • Syllabification:ka‧mi

Pronoun

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kamí (Hanunoo spellingᜣᜫᜲ)

  1. we;us(exclusive)

See also

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Hanunoo personal pronouns
PersonNumberDirectIndirectOblique
Firstsingularakonikokangko,kang
plural inclusivekitanitakanta
plural exclusivekaminimikanmi
Secondsingularkawo,kanimokanmo
pluralkamoniyokanyo
Thirdsingularsiyaniyakanya
pluralsidanidakanda

Further reading

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  • Conklin, Harold C. (1953),Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press,→OCLC,page138
  • Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*ami”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

Hiligaynon

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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  • Hyphenation:ka‧mi
  • IPA(key): /kaˈmi/ [kaˈmi]

Pronoun

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kamí

  1. we (exclusive)

See also

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Hiligaynon personal pronouns
absolute (ang/si)ergative (sa/ni)ergative (preposed)oblique (sa)
fullshortfullshortfull
firstsingularakoko*nakonkoakonsa akon
plural inclusivekitanatontaatonsa aton
plural exclusivekaminamonamonsa amon
secondsingularikawkanimomoimosa imo
pluralkamoninyoinyosa inyo
thirdsingularsiyaniyaiyasa iya
pluralsilanilailasa ila

Iban

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayic*kami, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kami

  1. we (exclusive)

Indonesian

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Etymology

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Inherited fromMalaykami, fromProto-Malayic*kami, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kami

  1. first person pluralexclusive (not including you) pronoun:we,us,our
    Kami akan mengajarkan adik-adik tentang kebersihan.
    We will teach you about hygiene.
    Terima kasih telah membantukami!
    Thank you for helpingus!
    Ini tugaskami, bu.
    This isour assignment, miss.
  2. editorial we; first person plural pronoun, which refers to institution the speaker/writer is acting for:we,us,our

Derived terms

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See also

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  • kita(“we, us, our (inclusive)”)
Indonesian personal pronouns
singularplural
1st person exclusiveregularaku,
saya1		kami
enclitic-ku-
procliticku--
1st person inclusive-kita
2nd personregularkamu,
Anda2,
kau3		kalian,
Anda2,
Anda sekalian2,
Anda semua2
enclitic-mu-
3rd personregulardia,
beliau4,
ia3		mereka
enclitic-nya-
reflexivediri5,diri sendiri
emphaticsendiri
1 Polite.
2 Formal.
3 Now mostly literary.
4 Respectful.

5 Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.
Notes:
  • This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
  • The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
  • The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.
See each entry for more information.

Further reading

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Inonhan

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kami

  1. we;us(exclusive of the person spoken to)

Japanese

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Romanization

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kami

  1. Rōmaji transcription ofかみ

Javanese

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Romanization

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kami

  1. romanization ofꦏꦩꦶ

Kapampangan

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /kəˈmi/ [kəˈmi]
  • Hyphenation:ka‧mi

Pronoun

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kami

  1. we;us(exclusive of the person spoken to)
    Synonym:(preposed)ikami

Usage notes

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  • The wordkami usually replacesikami when in the middle of a sentence.

Derived terms

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See also

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Kapampangan personal pronouns
absoluteergativeoblique
disjunctiveenclitic
first
person		singularaku/i aku/yakukukanaku
plural inclusiveikatamukatamu/tamutamu/takekatamu
plural exclusiveikami,ikekami/kemikekami/keke
second
person		singularikakamukeka
pluralikayu/ikokayu/koyukekayu/keko
third
person		singulariya/yayanakeya/kaya
pluralilalada/rakarela

Malay

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayic*kami, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kami (Jawi spellingکامي)

  1. Exclusive first person plural pronoun;we,us(excluding the person spoken to).
    Synonym:kita orang(informal)
  2. (polite)First person singular pronoun;I,me.
    Synonyms:saya(polite),aku(informal)

Descendants

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See also

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  • kita(including the person spoken to)
Malay personal pronouns
SingularPlural
1st person

saya1
aku3

kita4
kami2 & 5
kita orang3 & 5

2nd person

awak1
anda2
awda8
(eng)kau3
kamu3

(2nd person) +semua6
kalian2
(eng)kau orang3

3rd person

dia
ia
beliau7
-nya2

mereka2
dia orang3

1 Polite.
2 Formal.
3 Informal.
4 Includes the listener (inclusive).
5 Excludes the listener (exclusive).
6 Formality depends on the second person pronoun used.
7 Honorific.
8 Formal (Brunei).

Notes:
  • This table mostly only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language and within theKlang Valley area.
  • The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
  • The enclitic-nya is only used obliquely (as an object or possessor).
  • The second person pronounkamu is usually only used when speaking with younger speakers.
See each entry for more information.

Further reading

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Mansaka

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Pronoun

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kami

  1. we (exclusive)

Maranao

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kami

  1. we (exclusive)

Mongondow

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kami

  1. we (first person plural exclusive nominative pronoun; not including you)

See also

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  • kita(“we (inclusive)”)
Mongondow personal pronouns
singularplural
1st person exclusivenominativeakuoykami
genitivekunami
obliqueinako'inami
1st person inclusivenominative-kita
genitive-naton
oblique-inaton
2nd personnominativeikomo'iko,
kamu1
genitivemumonimu,
namu1
obliqueinimuimonimu,
inamu1
3rd personnominativesiamosia,
taya1
genitive-ea,
-nya		monia,
naya1
obliqueiniaimonia,
inaya1

1Only used with a numeral.

Musi

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kami

  1. we (exclusive); I and other(s) but not those I am addressing
  2. we: the speaker/writer alone.(This use ofwe is theeditorial we, used by writers and others, including royalty—theroyal we—as a less personal substitute forI. The reflexive case of this sense ofwe isourself.)
  3. us (exclusive); me and other(s) but not those I am addressing
  4. our (exclusive); my and of other(s) but not of those I am addressing
  5. ours

Related terms

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Old Sundanese

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kami

  1. I,me(1st person singular pronoun)
    • c.16th century,Carita Parahiyangan:
      Ujar sang apatih, "Kami pun dititahan Rahiyangtang Sanjaya. Disuruh ngadugaan ka dinih. Saha nu diwastu dijieun ratu?"
      Thepatih replied: "I was ordered by Rahiang Sanjaya to investigate here. Who is the person who was appointed and declared as the king?"
  2. we(1st person plural exclusive pronoun)

Descendants

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  • > Sundanese:kami(inherited)

Ratagnon

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kamí

  1. we(exclusive of the person spoken to)

Sakizaya

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kami

  1. we(exclusive)

See also

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Sakizaya personal pronouns
nominativeobliquegenitivepossessive
singular1st personkakutakunan /takuwan /takuwananakunu maku
2nd personkisutisuwan /tisuwananisunu misu
3rd personcinizacinizaanniza(nu) niza
plural1st personinclusivekitatitanan/titaananitanu mita
1st personexclusivekamitamiyan /tamiyananniyam(nu) niyam
2nd personkamutamuwan /tamuwanannamu(nu) namu
3rd personnuheni /ku(nu)henitunuheniyannuheni(nu) nuheni

Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Slavic*kamy, preserving the reflex of word-final */y/, which was lost in standard wordskȃm andkȁmēn.

Noun

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kami m inan (Cyrillic spellingками)

  1. (regional, obsolete)stone

References

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  • Skok, Petar (1972), “kami”, inEtimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 2 (K – poni¹), Zagreb: JAZU, page26

Sundanese

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Sundanesekami, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

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kami (Sundanese scriptᮊᮙᮤ)

  1. (dialectal, Banten, Brebes)I;me
    Synonym:aing
    Coordinate terms:abdi,kuring,urang,aing,kami,kula,kaula,sim kuring

See also

[edit]
Sundanese personal pronouns
singularplural
1st person exclusivelemesabdi1,
sim kuring2		abdi sadayana1,simkuring sadayana2
lomaurang1,
kuring2,
kami3, 4		kuring sareréa
cohagaingaing kabéhan
enclitic-ing †-
1st person inclusivelemes-urang samudayana
loma-arurang,
urang
2nd personlemesanjeun,
hidep5		aranjeun,
haridep5
lomamanéh,
silaing		maranéh
cohagsia,
dia4		saria,
sararia
3rd personlemesmantenna6,
anjeunna		aranjeunna
lomamanéhna,inya4,
nyana4,
inyana4		maranéhna
cohagsi éta-
enclitic-na-
reflexivelemesnyalira
lomasorangan,
diri

1 Informal.
2 Formal.
3 Expressing speaker's superiority.
4 Dialectal form.
5 Toward younger.
6 Respectful.

† Obsolete
Notes:
  • The personal pronouns may vary depending on the dialect.
  • The second person pronouns maybe replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
  • The second and third person singular pronouns maybe used plurally.
See each entry for more information.

Further reading

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Tagalog

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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kamí (Baybayin spellingᜃᜋᜒ)

  1. we;us(exclusive of the person spoken to)
    Nagtatrabahokami sa isang kumpanya. Ikaw?
    We work at a company. You?

Derived terms

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See also

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Tagalog personal pronouns
PersonNumberDirect (ang)Indirect (ng)Oblique (sa)
Firstsingularakokoakin
dual1kita,katanita,nata,takanita,kanata,ata
plural inclusivetayonatinatin
plural exclusivekaminaminamin
First & Secondsingularkita2
Secondsingularikaw,kamoiyo
pluralkayo,kamoninyo,niyoinyo
Thirdsingularsiyaniyakaniya
pluralsilanilakanila

1 First person dual pronouns are not commonly used in Standard Tagalog.
2 Replaceskoikaw.


Further reading

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  • “kami”, inPambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph,2018

Anagrams

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Tausug

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (Sinūgan Parianun)IPA(key): /kami/[k̠ɑˈmi]
  • Rhymes:-i
  • Syllabification:ka‧mi

Pronoun

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kami (Sulat Sūg spellingكَمِ)

  1. we (exclusive)

West Miraya Bikol

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

[edit]

kamí

  1. we(exclusive of the person spoken to)

Yogad

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*kami, fromProto-Austronesian*kami.

Pronoun

[edit]

kami

  1. we(exclusive of the person spoken to)
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