FromProto-Austronesian *ka- -an kina- -an Tagalog ka- -an Malay ke- -an ka- -an
ka- -an Badlit spelling ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔
( added to inanimate nouns ) indicates a place where such objects are found Synonyms: -an -anan sagbot ( “ grass, weed ” ) + ka- -an → kasagbotan ( “ grassland ” ) saging ( “ banana ” ) + ka- -an → kasagingan ( “ banana plantation ” ) ( added to nouns ) forms collective nouns tawo ( “ human ” ) + ka- -an → katawhan ( “ people ” ) dagat ( “ sea ” ) + ka- -an → kadagatan ( “ seas (collectively) ” ) forms proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place Bisaya ( “ Visayan people ” ) + ka- -an → Kabisay-an ( “ Visayas region ” ) forms numerals that are multiples of ten duha ( “ two ” ) + ka- -an → kaluhaan ( “ twenty ” ) ( added to adjectives or verbs ) forms abstract nouns Synonyms: ka- pagka- ka- -on batan-on ( “ young ” ) + ka- -an → kabatan-onan ( “ youth ” ) husay ( “ orderly ” ) + ka- -an → kahusayan ( “ peace, resolution ” ) daog ( “ to win ” ) + ka- -an → kadaogan ( “ victory ” ) In forming abstract nouns,ka- pagka- Placement of stress:Sense 1: Stress is placed on the last syllable (-an ) sá gingkasagingán ká hoykakahoyán The rest: Stress is usually placed on thepenultimate syllable after affixation: batán -on kabatan-ón an daóg kadaóg an When attached directly after a vowel without aglottal stop , anepenthetic /h/ is usually inserted between the two vowels. However, this isn't always the case, as /ʔ/( glottal stop ) may be inserted in this position instead.ulo kauloh an ,but higala kahigalaan In some affixations, the vowel in the syllable before or after the stressed syllable is typically omitted, as long as it does not break the language'sCVCCVC syllable structure. After which metathesis or some other sound change may happen to consonants in awkward positions.*kaʔupátan > *kaʔpátan > kapʔátan (kap-atan *kabisáyaʔan > Kabisáyʔan (Kabisay-an *kapupúluʔan > *kapupúlʔan > kapupúdʔan (kapupud-an This is not universally observed; more so in colloquial, newly-derived words ka- -an
-ness ;appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)" .ka becekan kindness ka karepan eagerness ka leburan loveliness ka nyamanan palatableness -ship ;appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union .ka saraan hardship -ity ;Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description .ka lempongan perplexity Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word. ka dipatenan duchy ka- -an
-ed ;tosuffer or toget of noun or verb bases. takok ( “ fright ” ) + ka- -an → katakokan ( “ frightened ” ) tagersok ( “ shock ” ) + ka- -an → katagersokan ( “ shocked ” ) ka- -an
( usually colloquial ) very [base] orexceed , affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.raje ( “ huge ” ) + ka- -an → karajean ( “ too big ” ) dumik ( “ small ” ) + ka- -an → kadumikan ( “ too small ” ) seang ( “ midday ” ) + ka- -an → kaseangan ( “ too late; overslept ” ) ( Standard Kankanaey ) IPA (key ) : /ka an/ [k̠ʌ ʌn] Rhymes:-an Syllabification:ka- -an ka- -an
used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place Igorot ( “ Igorot ” ) + ka- -an → Kaigorotan ( “ the Igorots, Igorot village ” ) Baguio ( “ Baguio ” ) + ka- -an → Kabaguioan ( “ the people of Baguio, the area of Baguio ” ) Maynila ( “ Manila ” ) + ka- -an → Kamaynilaan ( “ the people of Manila, the area of Manila ” ) used to form nouns indicating a reciprocal relation badang ( “ help ” ) + ka- -an → kabadangan ( “ helper ” ) inom ( “ drink ” ) + ka- -an → kainoman ( “ group of people with whom to drink ” ) turog ( “ sleep ” ) + ka- -an → katurogan ( “ group of people with whom to sleep ” ) used to form nouns indicating the time period wherein it is about to happen mangan ( “ help ” ) + ka- -an → kamanganan ( “ about time to eat ” ) bisin ( “ help ” ) + ka- -an → kabisinan ( “ about to be hungry ” ) riing ( “ wake up ” ) + ka- -an → kariingan ( “ about to wake up ” ) used to form nouns indicating the location where it happened sitek ( “ dirty ” ) + ka- -an → kasitekan ( “ dirty place ” ) taray ( “ run ” ) + ka- -an → katarayan ( “ the place where [the subject] ran ” ) pukaw ( “ steal ” ) + ka- -an → kapukawan ( “ the place where [the subject] was stolen ” ) used to form nouns indicating the act of doing the action expressed by the root, or the manner in which the action expressed by the root is performed natey ( “ death ” ) + ka- -an → kanateyan ( “ cause of death ” ) suro ( “ teach ” ) + ka- -an → kasuroan ( “ the act of teaching ” ) aramid ( “ do ” ) + ka- -an → kaaramidan ( “ the act of doing, creating ” ) used to form the superlative degree of an adjective laing ( “ wise ” ) + ka- -an → kalaingan ( “ wisest ” ) kulit ( “ naughty ” ) + ka- -an → kakulitan ( “ naughtiest ” ) bangsit ( “ smelly ” ) + ka- -an → kabangsitan ( “ smelliest ” ) Jervera C. Domogen (2022 June 21) “The Philippine Kankanaey -An Morpheme”, inIOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal [1] →DOI 307-316 FromProto-Austronesian *ka- -an Malay ke- -an
ka- -an Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔
used to form abstract nouns payapa ( “ peaceful ” ) + ka- -an → kapayapaan ( “ peace ” ) malay ( “ awareness ” ) + ka- -an → kamalayan ( “ consciousness ” ) used to form nouns indicating a larger location gubat ( “ woods ” ) + ka- -an → kagubatan ( “ forest ” ) dagat ( “ sea ” ) + ka- -an → karagatan ( “ ocean ” ) used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place Tagalog ( “ Tagalog ” ) + ka- -an → Katagalugan ( “ Tagalog area ” ) Bisaya ( “ Visayan ” ) + ka- -an → Kabisayaan ( “ Visayas; Visayan area ” ) Maynila ( “ Manila ” ) + ka- -an → Kamaynilaan ( “ Metro Manila; Manila area ” ) used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an ka- ibig ( “ love ” ) + ka- -an → kaibigan ( “ friend; person who receives love from someone; lover ” ) halik ( “ kiss ” ) + ka- -an → kahalikan ( “ person who receives kisses from someone; kissing-mate ” ) Normally,/h/ is inserted before-an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur by epenthesis and/h/ becomes/n/ .saya ka- -an → kasiyah an dami ka- -an → karamih an gusto ka- -an → kagustuh an bihasa ka- -an → kabihasn an Due toallophony ,/d/ turns into/r/ when inserted before-an or afterka- .baliktad ka- -an → kabaliktar an lunod ka- -an → kanlur an gawad ka- -an → kagawar an dami ka- -an → kar amihan dangal ka- -an → kar angalan danas ka- -an → kar anasan Sense 4: Theka- prefix has a stress while the stress of the root shifts to the penultimate syllable. Nouns containing this affix are generally treated as uncountable nouns, but some such words usually referring to people have been used as countable nouns even in formal usage (e.g. public speeches, news reporting), such as withkalalakihan ( “ men; male people in general ” ) andkabataan ( “ youth; young people in general ” ) . Such usage has been repeatedly denounced by the Commission on the Filipino Language (KWF). 
