ka-
Alternative form ofker- .Inherited fromProto-Bantu *kà- ( “ Class 12 noun prefix ” )
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix .Yuko Abe (2006 ),A Bende Vocabulary [1] Comparekaka ka
ka-
Forms a noun that denotes partnership or companionship;co- ka- + kawat ( “ play ” ) → kakawat ( “ playmate ” ) ka- + iwal ( “ fight ” ) → kaiwal ( “ enemy ” ) CompareTagalog ka-
ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ
( added to adjectives ) denotes a state of being ;-ness Synonyms: pagka- ka- -an ka- + linaw ( “ calm ” ) → kalinaw ( “ calmness ” ) ka- + bugnaw ( “ cold ” ) → kabugnaw ( “ coldness ” ) ( added to an adjective ) used in exclamations ;how ...Synonyms: -a ka- -a ka- + init ( “ hot ” ) → kainit !( “ how hot! ” ) ( added to nouns or verbs ) denotes partnership or companionship ;co- Synonym: isigka- ka- + klase ( “ class ” ) → kaklase ( “ classmate ” ) ka- + away ( “ to fight ” ) → kaaway ( “ enemy ” ) ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ
short formaka- Inherited fromProto-Bantu *kà-
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ká-
ka-
Class 12 subject concord. ka-
marks thefirst-person plural inclusive ("we, including you")subject on averb ka- + dibaia ( “ to spear ” ) → kadibaia ( “ we (incl.) speared it ” ) ka- + mai ( “ to come ” ) → kamai ( “ we (incl.) came ” ) CategoryGabadi terms prefixed with ka- not found
Oa, Morea and Ma`oni Paul. (2014-02-24).Tentative Grammar Description for the Gabadi Language . [working paper, draft created november 2013; editor: Eileen Gasaway]. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: SIL International. Available online:[2] . For the prefixka- , see page 23, section "5.1.1 subject marking". ka-
Rōmaji transcription ofか ka-
romanization ofꦏ- ka- (verb base )
accidental aspect of thepassive intransitive verb ka- + gibe ( “ bring ” ) → kagibe ( “ (accidentally) taken along ” ) FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- Proto-Austronesian *ka-
ka-
implies companionship or partnership when prefixed to a root ka- + abe ( “ to accompany ” ) → kayabe ( “ partner ” ) ka- + lagyu ( “ name ” ) → kalagyu ( “ namesake ” ) used to refer towards a location :to ;toward ;in ;at ;on ka- + pusu ( “ heart ” ) → kapusu ( “ in the heart ” ) ka- + paninap ( “ dream ” ) → kapaninap ( “ towards the dream ” ) implies similarity or interaction when prefixed to a root noun ka- + lupa ( “ face ” ) → kalupa ( “ someone/something similar; look-alike ” ) ka- + pate ( “ fight ” ) → kapate ( “ enemy ” ) implies repeated action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable ka- + gulisak ( “ shout ” ) → kagugulisak ( “ repeatedly shouting ” ) ka- + isip ( “ mind, thought ” ) → kaiisip ( “ thinking a lot ” ) implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree when prefixed to a root that repeats the first two syllables ka- + dapat ( “ should ” ) → karapat-dapat ( “ deserving ” ) ka- + santing ( “ handsome ” ) → kasanting-santing ( “ wonderful ” ) implies recent action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable and followed bypamu ka- + datang ( “ come ” ) → kadaratang ( “ recently arrived ” ) ka- + punta ( “ go ” ) → kapupunta ( “ recently went ” ) implies emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive and followed byna da ta ka- + timyas ( “ cute ” ) → katimyas ( “ so cute ” ) ka- + yumi ( “ innocence; pure ” ) → kayumi ( “ how pretty ” ) FromProto-Bantu *kà-
ka-
noun class prefix, used with a diminutive meaning FromProto-Siouan *raka-
ka-
Instrumental prefix : by force; appears often in verbs relating to cutting and strikingInherited fromProto-Bantu *kà- ( “ Class 12 noun prefix ” ) .
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix .Nobuko Yoneda (2006 ),A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language [3] Inherited fromProto-Bantu *kà- ( “ Class 12 noun prefix ” ) .
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix .R.C.Wynne (1980 ),English-Mbukushu Dictionary [4] ka-
Used to form ordinal numbers ka-
third person feminine /neuter agent pronominal prefix- Initial consonant Environment t/s/h/k n/r/w/’ a e/en o/on i y Word-Initial ka- ka- w- w- i- ken - ka-
ka-
noun prefix Gunther Michelson (1973 ),A thousand words of Mohawk , University of Ottawa Press, page 9 Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976 ),Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page173 ka-
Used to form causative verbs This prefix sometimes takes the formskoa- ke- ko-
ka-
Used to form ordinal numbers (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
he ,she ,it ;class 1 subject concord; form ofu- ka-
( Bavarian ) alternative form ofgi- Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-
ka-
passive verb-forming prefix (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
-ly ;forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives. Inherited fromProto-Bantu *kà- ( “ Class 12 noun prefix ” ) .
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix .M. Hannan, S.J. (1984 ),Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum [5] Probably related to South Efatego
ka-
and (forms dependent verbs)(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
he ,she ,it ;class 1 subject concord; form ofu- FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-
ka- (Sundanese scriptᮊ- )
verb-forming prefixaccidental aspect of thepassive transitive verb ka- + tijek ( “ to step on ” ) → katijek ( “ (accidentally) stepped on” ) ka- + bedil ( “ gun ” ) → kabedil ( “ (accidentally) shot” ) perfective aspect of thepassive transitive verb ka- + déngé ( “ to hear ” ) → kadéngé ( “ to be heard ” ) ka- + baca ( “ to read ” ) → kabaca ( “ to be read ” ) implies that the action can be done ka- + harti ( “ meaning ” ) → kaharti ( “ (can be) understood” ) noun-forming prefixabstract noun -formingprefix ka- + rugi ( “ loss ” ) → karugi ( “ loss ” ) ka- + hayang ( “ to want ” ) → kahayang ( “ desire, want ” ) Not all roots can be prefixed withka- -an [ 1] ka- + merdika ( “ free, independent ” ) + -an ka merdikaan ( “ independence ” ) ka- + kalangkang ( “ shadow ” ) + -an ka kalangkangan ( “ to become overshadowed ” ) FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ika- Proto-Austronesian *Sika- Malay ke- Tagalog ika-
ka-
numeral-forming prefixordinal number formingprefix ;-th ka- + hiji ( “ one ” ) → kahiji ( “ first ” ) ka- + sapuluh ( “ ten ” ) → kasapuluh ( “ tenth ” ) ^ Prof. Dr. T. Fatimah Djajasudarma (2013 ),Fonologi dan Gramatika Sunda [Sundanese Phonology and Grammar →ISBN ka-
third-person singular animate (m class(I) ) recent-past perfective marker Near-synonyms: a li- a me- 1973 Duniani kuna watu , page 5:Nimefanya jitihada mwenyewe na Munguka nisaidia, [ …] I have worked hard on my own and Godhas helped me, [ …] 2013 Mwananchi [6] Rais Obamaka ondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu President Obamahas left, let us not return to a life of shame Swahili TAM markers
Initial Positive infinitive:ku- kw- 1 Negative infinitive:kuto- Habitual:hu- 1 Telegrammic:ka- 1 Final General (positive indicative):-a Positive subjunctive:-e Negative present:-i Second person plural:-ni Infix position positive subject concord Infix position negative subject concord Negative past:-ku- 1 Negative future:-ta- "Not yet":-ja- 1 Negative present conditional:-nge- Negative past conditional:-ngali- Relative 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require-ku- -kw-
Ultimately fromProto-Bantu *kà-
ka-
( colloquial or dialect , nonstandard ) noun class 12 prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
-ly ;forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives. (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
he ,she ,it ;class 1 subject concord; form ofu- FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka- Proto-Austronesian *ka-
ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ
implies companionship or partnership ka- + sama ( “ to accompany ” ) → kasama ( “ partner ” ) ka- + opisina ( “ office ” ) → kaopisina ( “ coworker ” ) implies similarity or interaction ka- + mukha ( “ face ” ) → kamukha ( “ someone/something similar; look-alike ” ) ka- + away ( “ fight ” ) → kaaway ( “ enemy ” ) implies past time ka- + hapon ( “ afternoon ” ) → kahapon ( “ yesterday ” ) ka- + gabi ( “ night ” ) → kagabi ( “ last night ” ) ( with initial syllable repetition ) implies repeated action ka- + sigaw ( “ shout ” ) → kasisigaw ( “ repeatedly shouting ” ) ka- + isip ( “ mind, thought ” ) → kaiisip ( “ thinking a lot ” ) ( with initial syllable repetition, followed bylang lamang ) implies recent action ka- + punta ( “ going ” ) → kapupunta ( “ recently went ” ) ka- + luto ( “ cooking, cuisine ” ) → kaluluto ( “ recently cooked ” ) ( with initial two syllables repetition ) implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree ka- + galang ( “ respect ” ) → kagalang-galang ( “ inspiring great respect ” ) ka- + paniwala ( “ belief ” ) → kapani-paniwala ( “ very plausible ” ) ( before /e/ ) ke- ( before /o/ ) ko- FromProto-Bantu *ká-
ka-
class 12 pronominal concordka- + -nu ( “ this, these ” ) → kanu ( “ this (class 12) ” ) they ;class 12 subject concordka- + -kora ( “ to do ” ) → kakora ( “ it (class 12) does ” ) positive imperative form of-ka- ( “ it;class 12 object concord ” ) ka- + -ha ( “ to give ” ) → kaha ( “ give it (class 12) ” ) Kaji, Shigeki (2007 ),A Rutooro Vocabulary [7] →ISBN 414 Inherited fromProto-Bantu *kà-
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning. Inherited fromProto-Bantu *ká-
ka-
Class 12 subject concord. (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
-ly ;forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives. (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
he ,she ,it ;class 1 subject concord; form ofu- Inherited fromProto-Bantu *kà-
ka-
Class 12 noun prefix (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
-ly ;forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives. (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ká-
he ,she ,it ;class 1 subject concord; form ofu- (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
ka-
alternative form ofma- ( hortative ) 
