Unlike thesuffix pronouns anddependent pronouns, the independent pronouns are not tied to any other element of the sentence. Nevertheless, the meaning of an independent pronoun depends on context:
After an infinitive, it is thesubject of the verb.
Before a noun, its meaning can be ambiguous:
In the first and second person, it could be thesubject of a noun phrase.
Alternatively, in all persons, it can be thepredicate of a noun phrase.
If the noun is a participle, then in all persons it could be either thesubject or thepredicate of a noun phrase.
If the demonstrative pronounpw is placed between the pronoun and the noun, the pronoun is definitely thepredicate.
Before an adjective, in the first person only, it is thesubject of an adjectival phrase.
When the independent pronoun is the subject it may, but does not always, indicate anemphasised subject.
1 Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle. 2 Only in formal texts, especially religious texts. 3 Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.
James P[eter] Allen (2010),Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page52.
^Loprieno, Antonio (1995),Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages36, 65
