jn (upper caseJn)
- A letter of theMazahua alphabet.
- (Latin-script letters)A a,Ⱥ ⱥ,A̱ a̱,B b,C c,Cꞌ cꞌ,Cj cj,Cu cu,Cꞌu cꞌu,Cju cju,Ch ch,Chꞌ chꞌ,Chj chj,D d,Dy dy,E e,Ɇ ɇ,E̱ e̱,G g,Gu gu,Hu hu,ꞌHu ꞌhu,I i,I̱ i̱,J j,Jꞌ jꞌ,Jm jm,Jn jn,Jñ jñ,Ju ju,Jy jy,L l,M m,Mꞌ mꞌ,N n,Nꞌ nꞌ,Ñ ñ,Ñꞌ ñꞌ,O o,Ø ø,O̱ o̱,P p,Pj pj,R r,S s,T t,Tꞌ tꞌ,Tj tj,Ts ts,Tsꞌ tsꞌ,Tsj tsj,U u,Ꞹ ꞹ,U̱ u̱,X x,Z z,Zh zh,ꞌ
proclitic
- indicates interrogativity
This particle comes at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. It can be used alongside the interrogative particletr or by itself as the sole such particle.
In adverbial sentences withjn, the particlejw regularly followsjn, and nominal sentences withjn can also have it followed byjw. Verb forms that usejw as an initial particle in main clauses also usually havejn followed byjw in yes/no questions.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings ofjn
- introduces the agent of a passive construction, when not a personal pronoun;by
- introduces the agent of an infinitive, when not a personal pronoun
c. 1550BCE – 1295BCE,
Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 1:
- dwꜣ wsjrjn jmj-r mnmnt [n(t) jmn jmn-]ms nbt-pr nfrt-jrj […]
- Worship of Osirisby the overseer of the cattle [of Amon, Amen]mose, and the mistress of the house Nefertari […]
- introduces an emphasized subject (one that serves as therheme of the clause), when not a personal pronoun
- introduces the emphasized (non-participial) element in a participial statement, when not a personal pronoun
Introduces the subject or topic of the sentence. The agent it introduces cannot be a personal pronoun.
Allen considers this preposition to be ‘probably the same word’ as the above interrogative particle.
- .jn
- jn(quotative particle)
Univerbation ofj(“to say”) +(.w)(third-person masculine singular stative ending) +jn(“by”,the preposition above). The feminine form is a univerbation ofj(“to say”) +.t(j)(third-person feminine singular stative ending) +jn(“by”,the preposition above), and the plural and dual are derived from the perfect of the verbj(“to say”) with a third-person plural or dual suffix pronoun (.sn or.snj, respectively).
quotative
- (with following noun indicating the speaker)marks a non-future direct quotation;says,said
Like the other quotativeskꜣ,ḫr, andḫrw.fj, this word either follows the entire quotation that it marks or is inserted near its start (but neverat its start).
This quotative is common in Old and Late Egyptian but restricted to archaic religious texts in Middle Egyptian.
Reflecting its verbal origin, this particle’s form can vary depending on the person and number of the speaker:
1 Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun.
2 From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural.
In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
With the plural formj.n.sn and the dual formj.n.snj, the following noun indicating the speaker is optional.
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of the masculine singular ofjn
- James P[eter] Allen (2010),Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages78, 86, 90, 128–129, 165, 185, 193, 319–320, 338, 395.
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962),A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute,→ISBN
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