FromMiddle English in- Old English in- ( “ in, into ” ,prefix ) , fromProto-Germanic *in Proto-Indo-European *h₁én in
in-
in ,into ,towards ,within .in holdin movein takein thrillin bornin boundin fieldin fightingin sightin talkin workInward (direction)in beatin bendin caveWithin (position)in breedin burningin circleterms derived from in-: toward
terms derived from inward
terms derived from within
FromMiddle English in- Latin in- Latin in Proto-Indo-European *en in- , above). Often borrowed fromFrench in- incise ,incite ,incline ,indication ), or as Frenchen- Latin in
in-
in ,into Note: Before certain letters,in- becomes: Into imband imbar imbarn Doing ; forming verbs.in blindin cloisterHaving ,possessing imbannered in aureolein carnateterms derived from in-: direction
terms derived from in-: tendency
terms derived from having
FromMiddle English in- Latin in- ( “ not ” ) . Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g.incapable ,incertainty ,inclement ,incompatible ).Doublet ofun-
in-
( no longerproductive ) reverse their meaning.Note: Before certain letters,in- becomes: ( no longerproductive ) not inedible inaccurate Added to nouns to meanlacking without incredulity ineptitude Cannot ,unable .in annihilablein appellablein assimilableterms derived from in-: reversing meaning
terms derived from absence
terms derived from cannot
reversal of meaning
Armenian:ան- ( an- ) Catalan:in- (ca) Czech:ne- (cs) Esperanto:mal- (eo) Finnish:epä- (fi) French:in- (fr) Greek:α- (el) ( a- ) ,αν- (el) ( an- ) Hebrew:אִי (he) ( i ) ,בִּלְתִּי (he) ( bílti ) Ido:ne- Indonesian:in- Italian:in- (it) Japanese:不 (ja) ( ふ, fu ) Norwegian:Bokmål:ikke- (no) ,u- (no) ,van- (no) ,mis- Nynorsk:ikkje- (nn) ,u- van- mis- Polish:nie- (pl) Portuguese:in- (pt) Russian:не (ru) ( ne ) Spanish:in- (es) Swedish:o- (sv) ,in- (sv)
Borrowed fromLatin in- ( “ un-, not ” ) .
in- (before l il- before b, m, or p im- before r ir-
in- un- ( reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute ) Borrowed fromLatin in- Ancient Greek ἐν- ( en- ) .
in-
in ,into Antonym: eks- Borrowed fromLatin in- Ancient Greek ἀ- ( a- ) .
in-
in- ,un- ( indicates negation ) Synonym: u- CategoryDanish terms prefixed with in- not found
Fromin
in-
prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified therebyprepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French:in- un- Borrowed fromLatin in- Proto-Italic *ən- Proto-Indo-European *n̥- *né
IPA (key ) : ( before a consonant ) /ɛ̃/ ,( before a vowel ) /in/ in-
in- un- ( indicates negation ) Ultimately fromProto-Germanic *in Proto-Indo-European *en in inne-
in-
( rare , only in nouns) in ,inside ,interior in- + Land ( “ land ” ) → Inland ( “ domestic territory ” ) in- + Schrift ( “ writing ” ) → Inschrift ( “ inscription ” ) in- + Sasse ( “ someone who sits ” ) → Insasse ( “ passenger, inhabitant ” ) in- + Begriff ( “ concept ” ) → Inbegriff ( “ embodiment ” ) Borrowed fromLatin in-
in-
( rarely productive, only with Latinate stems ) in ,into in- + filtrieren ( “ to filter ” ) → infiltrieren ( “ to infiltrate ” ) Borrowed fromLatin in-
in-
( rarely productive, only with Latinate stems ) in- ,un- ( indicates negation ) Synonyms: un- nicht- in- + konsequent ( “ consistent ” ) → inkonsequent ( “ inconsistent ” ) “in- ” inDuden online “in- ” inDigitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in-
Romanization of𐌹𐌽- FromDutch in- French in- Latin in- ( “ un-, not ” ) .
in-
in- Old Irish in- ( “ -able ” ) . Cognate withManx yn-
in-
( productive ) able to,-able ( + past participle ) Antonym: do- in- + ite inite ( “ edible ” ) in- + déanta indéanta ( “ doable ” ) able to, -able,fit for, fit to be( + genitive of a (verbal) noun ) in- + feidhm ( “ function ” ) → infheidhme ( “ able to function, serviceable ” ) in- + aistear ( “ journey ” ) → inaistir ( “ seaworthy ” ) in- + leigheas ( “ healing ” ) → inleighis ( “ curable ” ) i ( “ in ” ) . Partly inherited fromOld Irish in- ( “ in ” ) , e.g.in- + ceann ( “ head ” ) → inchinn ( “ brain ” ) , but most words with this suffix are loans or loan translations of ultimately Latin or Greek origin, e.g.ionscóp ( “ endoscope ” ) ‚ionsoilsigh ( “ illuminate ” ) .
in-
en- ,in- il- im- ir- endo- intra- no pages or subcategories
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977 ) “in- ”, inFoclóir Gaeilge–Béarla , Dublin: An Gúm,→ISBN “in- ”, inNew English-Irish Dictionary , Foras na Gaeilge,2013–2025 im- ( assimilated form beforeb -/m -/p - ) il- ( assimilated form beforel - ) ir- ( assimilated form beforer - ) FromLatin in- in ( “ in, into ” ) , ultimately fromProto-Indo-European *h₁én
in-
( forms verbs ) used to denote derivation ( obsolete , rare ) used as an intensifier The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derivecausative verbs from adjectives or nouns: Examples:in- + arido ( “ dry”, “arid ” ) → inaridire ( “ to parch”, “to dry up ” ) in- + fiamma ( “ flame ” ) → infiammare ( “ to enflame”, “to kindle ” ) When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”: Example:in- + fondere infondere ( “ to infuse”, “to instill ” ) (cfr.Latin īnfundere In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation: Example:in- + carcere ( “ jail”, “prison ” ) → incarcerare ( “ to imprison”, “to incarcerate ” ) FromLatin in- ( “ un-, not ” ) , fromProto-Indo-European *n̥- zero grade form of the sentence negative*né
in-
used to denote negation or opposition or privation ;un- ;in- ;a- The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived): Examples:in- + coerente ( “ coherent”, “consistent ” ) → incoerente ( “ incoherent”, “inconsistent ” ) in- + abile ( “ able”, “capable ” ) → inabile ( “ unable”, “incapable ” ) in- + felice ( “ happy ” ) → infelice ( “ unhappy ” ) in- + desiderabile ( “ desirable; advisable ” ) → indesiderabile ( “ undesirable, unwelcome ” ) More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns: Example:in- + colore ( “ colour/color ” ) → incolore ( “ uncoloured/uncolored ” )
FromProto-Italic *ən- Proto-Indo-European *n̥- ( “ not ” ) ,zero-grade form of the negative particle*né ( “ not ” ) . Akin tone- nē nī [ 1]
in-
un- ,non- ,not Affixed primarily to adjectives.
The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:
Beforeb ,p orm , it may becomeim- in- is also found in this context.in- + barba ( “ beard ” ) → imberbis ( “ beardless ” ) orinberbis in- + patiēns ( “ patient ” ) → impatiēns ( “ impatient ” ) orinpatiēns in- + mātūrus ( “ mature ” ) → immātūrus ( “ immature ” ) orinmātūrus Beforel orr , it may becomeil- ir- inl- andinr- .[ 2] in- + labōrātus ( “ worked, toilsome ” ) → illabōrātus ( “ unworked, uncultivated ” ) (post-Augustan) orinlabōrātus in- + reverēns ( “ reverent ” ) → irreverēns ( “ irreverent ” ) (post-Augustan) orinreverēns Beforegn and sometimesn , it becomesig- [ɪŋ-] ).in- + gnārus ( “ knowlegable ” ) → ignārus ( “ ignorant ” ) in- + nōmen ( “ name ” ) → ignōminia ( “ dishonor ” ) Beforef ors , it becomesīn- (pronounced[ĩː-] ).in- + fīnītus ( “ finite ” ) → īnfīnītus ( “ endless, infinite ” ) in- + sānus ( “ healthy, sane ” ) → īnsānus ( “ mad, insane ” ) Beforeg ,c orq , the spelling remainsin- , but the pronunciation becomes[ɪŋ-] . → Catalan:in- i- im- p ,b andm )→ French:in- → Italian:in- → Middle English:in- → Portuguese:in- im- p orb ,i- l ,n , orm , andir- r )→ Romanian:in- im- p orb , andi- l ,m , orr )→ Sicilian:n- m- p ,b orm ,il- l , andir- r )→ Spanish:in- im- p orb ,i- l , andir- r )
Prefixation of the prepositionin [ 3]
in-
Prepositional prefix, generally attached to verbs to derive new verbs with a range of meanings. in ,within ,inside in- + hālō ( “ breathe ” ) → inhālō ( “ breathe in, inhale ” ) against ;into ;on ,upon ;to ,towards in- + gradior ( “ step, go ” ) → ingredior ( “ go into, enter ” ) in- + nūbō ( “ marry ” ) → innūbō ( “ marry into ” ) in- + cadō ( “ fall ” ) → incidō ( “ fall into, fall upon ” ) in- + pangō ( “ set, fix, settle, fasten ” ) → impingō ( “ fasten upon, dash against, strike against ” ) in- + flīgō ( “ strike ” ) → īnflīgō ( “ strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon ” ) in- + vocō ( “ call ” ) → invocō ( “ call on, call upon, invoke ” ) Used as anintensifier . in- + crepō ( “ I rattle ” ) → increpō ( “ I rattle, rebuke ” ) Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion in- + ārēscō ( “ I am drying, am growing drier ” ) → inārēscō ( “ I start becoming dry, become somewhat dry ” ) [ 4] Affixed primarily to verbs.
The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.
Not to be confused withEtymology 1 above
FromProto-Indo-European *énu ( “ along, after ” ) . Cognate withSanskrit अनु ( ánu- ,“ after ” ) ,Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎 ( anu ,“ after; corresponding to ” ) ,Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 ( a-nu-v /anuv/ ) , andGothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 ( inu “ without ” ) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).[ 5]
in-
after ^ Walde, Alois ,Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938 ) “1. in- ”, inLateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter,page676f. ^ William Gardner Hale and Carl Darling Buck, 1903.Latin Grammar, page 25 ^ Walde, Alois ,Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938 ) “2. in ”, inLateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter,page677f. ^ Haverling, Gerd. "On Prefixes and Actionality in Classical and Late Latin."Acta Linguistica Hungarica, vol. 50, no. 1–2, 2003, pp. 113–35,http://www.jstor.org/stable/26189816 . Accessed 6 Apr. 2022. Page 117 ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014 )Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems →ISBN 241-44 “in- Charlton T. Lewis (1891 )An Elementary Latin Dictionary , New York: Harper & Brothers De Vaan, Michiel (2008 )Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN page301 FromEnglish in- Middle English in- Latin in- ( “ not ” ) .
IPA (key ) : [in-] Hyphenation:in- in- (Jawi spelling اينـ
( no longerproductive ) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning ;in- in formalin formalin-
Alternative form ofil- Used before the lettern FromProto-Bantu *jɪ̀- n- .
in-
Class 9 noun prefix. The variant formim- b ,f ,m ,p ,v ).
in- (root )
Alternative form ofiN- in-
Alternative form ofnin- Fromin ( “ in ” ) . More atin .
in-
in ,into in- + ēþung ( “ breathing ” ) → inēþung ( “ inspiration ” ) internal ,inside in- + coþu ( “ disease ” ) → incoþu ( “ internal disease ” ) in- + weorc ( “ work ” ) → inweorc ( “ indoor work ” ) FromProto-Germanic *in- ( “ strong ” ,adj ) , fromProto-Indo-European *indʰro- ( “ swelling; strong ” ) , from*oyd- ( “ to swell ” ) .
in-
( intensifying ) very in- + frōd ( “ wise ” ) → infrōd ( “ very wise ” ) in- + dryhten ( “ noble ” ) → indryhten ( “ very noble ” ) Proto-Celtic *en- Proto-Celtic *eni- i ind-
in-
in Very frequently replaced byad-
Sometimes replaced byas-
(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
in-
able to,-able ( + past participle ) in- + ad·gair ( “ to sue ” ) → inaccartha ( “ to be sued for ” ) in- + mescaigid ( “ to intoxicate ” ) → inmescaigthe ( “ able to intoxicate ” ) able to, -able,fit for, fit to be( + noun, ano- anda- stems usually yields ani- stem adjective ) in- + bés ( “ custom ” ) → inbésa ( “ customary ” ) in- + comlann ( “ fight ” ) → incomlainn ( “ able to fight ” ) in- + galar ( “ sickness ” ) → ingalair ( “ sick ” ) Proto-Celtic *an- In is the regular outcome of*an before voiced stops unless lowered toan viaa -affection.
in-
Alternative form ofan- ( “ un-, not ” ) Used befored andg and occasionally other sounds.[ 1]
in- (class C infixed pronoun
Alternative form ofid- Pedersen, Holger (1913 )Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen [Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages →ISBN page11 Borrowed fromLatin in- ( “ un-, not ” ) .
in-
un- ;not This prefix has the followingallomorphs :
Before⟨ p ⟩ and⟨ b ⟩ , it becomesim- Before⟨ r ⟩ , it becomesir- Before⟨ m ⟩ ,⟨ n ⟩ ,⟨ l ⟩ , it becomesi- Borrowed fromLatin in- ( “ un-, not ” ) .
in-
not ( negation ) FromProto-Bantu *jɪ̀- n- .
in-
Class 9 noun prefix. The variant formim- b ,f ,m ,p ,v ).
in- (Baybayin spelling ᜁᜈ᜔
prefix form of-in- Used when the root begins with a vowel. Though appearing to be a prefix, the affix actually still functions as an infix, inserted between the unwritten initial glottal stop and the root's initial vowel. FromProto-Bantu *jɪ̀- n- .
in-
Class 9 noun prefix. The variant formim- b ,f ,m ,p ,v ).
FromProto-Bantu *jɪ̀- n- .
ín-
Class 9 noun prefix. The variant formim- b ,f ,m ,p ,v ). Beforel ,m orn , the prefix becomesi-
