FromLatinim-, assimilated form ofin- used beforeb-/p-/m-.
im-
Widely used in borrowings (from French and Latin). Somewhat productive (appended as prefix to existing English words).
Fromem-, fromOld Frenchem-. Also from laterMiddle Frenchim-, partly by confusion withim- of Latin origin (on which see above).
im-
Both used in borrowings (from French and Latin), and productive (appended as prefix to existing English words), as inimbed,imbitter,imbody,imbosom,imbower,imbrown; and similarlyimpark.[1]
im-
im- (before consonantsi̱-,class III third-person)
| class I | class II | class III | class N | imperative | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +s | +C | +V | +C/i | +a/o | +C | +V | +C | +V | +C | +V | |||
| first-person | singular | initial | -li | sa- | si- | a̱- | am- | ak- | n/a | ||||
| medial | -sa- | -sam- | |||||||||||
| paucal | ī- | il- | pi- | pi̱- | pim- | kī- | kil- | ||||||
| plural | hapi- | hapi̱- | hapim- | ||||||||||
| second-person | singular | is- | ish- | chi- | chi̱- | chim- | chik- | ∅ | |||||
| plural | has- | hash- | hachi- | hachi̱- | hachim- | hachik- | ho- | oh- | |||||
| third-person | ∅ | ∅ | i̱- | im- | ik- | ||||||||
im-
CompareGerman-um,Englishum-,Dutchom-,Swedishom-,Icelandicum-.
im-
| Audio(France (Lyon)): | (file) |
im-
FromOld Irishimm-, fromProto-Celtic*ambi-, fromProto-Indo-European*h₂m̥bʰi.
im- (lenites except withm; becomesiom- before broadm)
im- (intensive particle; lenites except withm; becomesiom- before broad consonant or vowel)
Assimilated form ofin-, before b-/p-/m-.
im-
Assimilated form ofin-, before b-/p-/m-.
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CompareSouthern Ohlonemen-.
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| person | subject | object | possessive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| disjunctive1 | proclitic | enclitic | disjunctive1 | proclitic | enclitic | |||
| singular | first | kaana | ek- | -ek,-k | kiš,kaaniš | kiš- | -kiš | ek-,kaanak |
| second | meene | em-,im- | -em,-im,-m | miš | emiš-,imiš-,miš- | -miš | em-,meenem | |
| third | waaka | Ø-2 | -Ø2 | wiš | Ø-2,eš- | -Ø2,-eš | i-,waakai- | |
| plural | first | makkin | mak- | -mak | makkiš,makkinše | — | — | mak-,makkinmak |
| second | makkam | kam- | -kam | makkamše | — | — | kam-,makkam | |
| third | waakamak | ya- | -ya | yaṭiš | — | — | ya-,waakamak | |
1 Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg.kaana) or with a clitic (eg.kaana-k ...-ek).
2 Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctiveswaaka andwiš may also be used.
Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine and undergo syncope, eg.ellešk(“let me do to him/her/it”) =elle +-eš +-ek
im-
| stem begins with... | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| consonants | p t k h ch m n s sh w y | ni- | gi- | o- | |
| d g ' j z zh | nin- | ||||
| b | nim- | ||||
| vowels | o | nindo- | gido- | odo- | |
| a aa e i | nind- | gid- | od- | ||
| oo | n- | g- | |||
| ii | w- | ||||
Learned borrowing fromLatinim-.
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