^Starostin, Sergei;Dybo, Anna;Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*jɨl”, inEtymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
^M. Kh Abuseitova, B. Bukhatuly, editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞 [y¹il¹]”, inTÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan
1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’,à,pour,chez,dans,vers,sur,sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied. 2Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun. 3On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). 4 The nominal indeterminate formce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verbêtre as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms. 5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se ors’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive. 6Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonicvous-mêmes becomes singularvous-même. 7Ils,eux andeux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.
From earlier'l, a reduced form oflo. The initiali- is asvarabhakti vowel added in order to make the pronunciation easier.[1] Proof of this isDe scriptura nigra (a work in Old Lombard) only employingil to mean “the”, andel to mean “he/him”. Also, works in 1400’s Tuscan showing both “il” and “el”, yet with no forms such as “de Roma” instead of “di Roma” appearing, prove thatil does not originate as a pretonic evolved form ofel.
Il che se avviene, che voglia Iddio che cosí sia, ad Amore ne rendano grazie, il quale liberandomi da’ suoi legami m’ha conceduto di potere attendere a’ loro piaceri.
Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
6
Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
7
Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
8
Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
9
Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
10
Used after verbs.
11
Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
12
Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.
In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc beniril-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.
The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
