FromProto-Tai*ˀjɯəᴬ(“medicine”). Cognate withThaiยา(yaa),Northern Thaiᩀᩣ,Laoຢາ(yā),Lüᦊᦱ(ẏaa),Tai Damꪤꪱ,Shanယႃ(yǎa),Zhuangyw.
iel
iel
īēl inan
FromProto-Germanic*hailiją, from*hailaz; compareGothic𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃(hails).
iel
Contracted from late Middle Dutchidel, which survives uncontracted asijdel. An alternative contracted form led toijl.
iel (comparativeieler,superlativeielst)
| Declension ofiel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| uninflected | iel | |||
| inflected | iele | |||
| comparative | ieler | |||
| positive | comparative | superlative | ||
| predicative/adverbial | iel | ieler | hetielst hetielste | |
| indefinite | m./f. sing. | iele | ielere | ielste |
| n. sing. | iel | ieler | ielste | |
| plural | iele | ielere | ielste | |
| definite | iele | ielere | ielste | |
| partitive | iels | ielers | — | |
Fromi-(indeterminatecorrelative prefix) +-el(correlative suffix of manner or degree).
iel
 | interrogative | demonstrative | indefinite | universal | negative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ki- | ti- | i- | ĉi- | neni- | ||
| kind of, sort of | -a | kia | tia | ia | ĉia | nenia |
| reason | -al | kial | tial | ial | ĉial | nenial |
| time | -am | kiam | tiam | iam | ĉiam | neniam |
| place | -e | kie | tie | ie | ĉie | nenie |
| motion | -en | kien | tien | ien | ĉien | nenien |
| manner | -el | kiel | tiel | iel | ĉiel | neniel |
| possessive | -es | kies | ties | ies | ĉies | nenies |
| demonstrative pronoun | -o | kio | tio | io | ĉio | nenio |
| amount | -om | kiom | tiom | iom | ĉiom | neniom |
| demonstrative determiner | -u | kiu | tiu | iu | ĉiu | neniu |
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iel gender-neutral (third-person singular,pluraliels,accusativeleaorlae,dativelui,emphaticielorellui,possessive determinerson)
| number | person | gender | nominative (subject) | accusative (direct complement) | dative (indirect complement) | locative (at) | genitive (of) | disjunctive (tonic)1 | emphatic reflexive | relative | proximal | distal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | first | — | je,j’ | me,m’ | — | — | moi | moi-même | — | |||
| second | — | tu | te,t’ | — | — | toi | toi-même | — | ||||
| third | masculine | il2 | le,l’ | lui | y | en | lui | lui-même | celui | celui-ci | celui-là | |
| feminine | elle | la,l’ | elle | elle-même | celle | celle-ci | celle-là | |||||
| indeterminate | on3,l’on (formal),ce4,c’,ça | — | — | — | — | — | — | ce | ceci | cela,ça | ||
| reflexive | — | se,s’5 | — | — | soi | soi-même | — | |||||
| plural | first | — | nous | nous | — | — | nous | nous-mêmes | — | |||
| second6 | — | vous | vous | — | — | vous | vous-mêmes, vous-même6 | — | ||||
| third | masculine | ils7 | les | leur | y | en | eux7 | eux-mêmes7 | ceux | ceux-ci | ceux-là | |
| feminine | elles | elles | elles-mêmes | celles | celles-ci | celles-là | ||||||
1 The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’,à,pour,chez,dans,vers,sur,sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
2Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
3On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
4 The nominal indeterminate formce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verbêtre as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
5 The reflexive third person singular forms (se ors’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
6Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonicvous-mêmes becomes singularvous-même.
7Ils,eux andeux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.
FromLatinille, possibly through aVulgar Latin*illus. CompareAromanian,Romanianel.
iel
FromOld Frisianēl, fromProto-West Germanic*āl, fromProto-Germanic*ēlaz. Cognate withEnglisheel,Dutchaal andGermanAal.
iel c (pluralielen,diminutiveieltsje)