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hydrogen

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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WOTD – 7 February 2026
Chemical element
HNext:helium (He)
Wikidata lexemes logo
Hydrogen in aplasma state in adischarge tube, glowingpurple as anelectric current is passed through it.

Etymology

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Borrowed fromFrenchhydrogène(“hydrogen”),coined by the French chemistsLouis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau (1737–1816) andAntoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) fromhydro-(prefix meaning ‘water’) +-gène(suffix denoting a producer of something),[1] from the fact that water is produced as a compound when hydrogen is oxidized.

Bysurface analysis,hydro-(prefix meaning ‘water’) +‎-gen(suffix denoting a producer of something).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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hydrogen (countable anduncountable,pluralhydrogens)(chemistry)

  2. (uncountable) Thelightestchemical element (symbolH), with anatomic number of 1 andatomic weight of 1.008.
    Alternative form:H(symbol)
    Our professor then reminded us that ahydrogen ion is merely a proton, and thus we should think about acid-base theory as we consider this problem further.
    • 1791, [Erasmus Darwin], “Canto I”, inThe Botanic Garden; a Poem, in Two Parts. […], London:J[oseph] Johnson, […],→OCLC, part I (The Economy of Vegetation), footnote,page18:
      The ignis fatuus or Jack a lantern, ſo frequently alluded to by poets, is ſuppoſed to originate from the inflammable air, orHydrogene, given up from moraſſes;[…]
    • 1820,Sophocles, “Œdipus Tyrannus; or, Swellfoot the Tyrant. A Tragedy, in Two Acts. […]”, inPercy Bysshe Shelley, transl., edited by[Mary] Shelley,The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], new edition, London:Edward Moxon […], published1840,→OCLC, Act I,page184:
      But myLeech—a leech / Fit to suck blood, with lubricous round rings, / Capaciously expatiative, which make / His little body like a red balloon, / As full of blood as that ofhydrogen, / Sucked from men's hearts;[…]
    • 1827,Edward Turner, “Section IV. Hydrogen.”, inElements of Chemistry: Including the Recent Discoveries and Doctrines of the Science, Edinburgh: […] William Tait, […]; and Charles Tait, […], part II (Inorganic Chemistry),page160:
      Water is the sole product of the combustion ofhydrogen gas. For this important fact we are indebted to Mr.[Henry] Cavendish. He demonstrated it by burning oxygen andhydrogen gases in a dry glass vessel, when a quantity of pure water was generated exactly equal in weight to that of the gases which had disappeared.
    • 1997,Ian McEwan, chapter 1, inEnduring Love,[United Kingdom]: The Softback Preview,→OCLC,page 3:
      It was an enormous balloon filled with helium, that elemental gas forged fromhydrogen in the nuclear furnace of the stars, first step along the way in the generation of multiplicity and variety of matter in the universe, including our selves and all our thoughts.
    1. (countable) Anatom of thiselement.
      Each carbon of the ring has onehydrogen attached except for the fourth one, which is bonded to a substituent.
      • 1920 July,Wendell M[itchell] Latimer, Worth H. Rodebush, “Polarity and Ionization from the Standpoint of the Lewis Theory of Valence”, in Arthur B. Lamb, editor,The Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume XLII, number 7, Easton, Pa.: Eschenbach Printing Company [for theAmerican Chemical Society],→ISSN,→OCLC,page1431:
        Water occupies an intermediate position and shows tendencies both to add and give uphydrogen, which are nearly balanced. Then, in terms of theLewis theory, a free pair of electrons on one water molecule might be able to exert sufficient force on ahydrogen held by a pair of electrons on another water molecule to bind the two molecules together.
      • 1995, William H. Brown, “Alkanes and Cycloalkanes”, inOrganic Chemistry, Fort Worth, Tex.; Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders College Publishing;Harcourt Brace College Publishers,→ISBN,page62:
        [H]ydrogens are also classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the type of carbon to which each is bonded. Those attached to primary carbons are classified as primaryhydrogens, those on secondary carbons are secondaryhydrogens, and those on tertiary carbons are tertiaryhydrogens. Hydrogen atoms in a compound can be divided into equivalent sets.Equivalenthydrogens have the same chemical environment. A direct way to determine whichhydrogens in a molecule are equivalent is to replace each in turn by a "test atom," as for example a halogen atom.
  4. (uncountable)Molecular hydrogen (sense 1; symbol H2), acolourless,odourless andflammablegas atroom temperature.
    A large tank ofhydrogen constituted most of the bulk of that rocket.
    • 1845 February 8, “Balloons”, inTheodore Dwight, Jr., editor,American Penny Magazine, and Family Newspaper, volume I, number 1, New York, N.Y.: Express Office, […],→ISSN,→OCLC,page12, column 1:
      [Jacques] Charles was the first to send up ahydrogen balloon, 12 feet in diameter, which rose 3,123 feet, disappeared in the clouds, and fell at the distance of 15 miles.
    • 1991 August, Stanley E. Spangler, “Kennan, Containment, and Carrots”, inForce and Accommodation in World Politics, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.:Air University Press,→ISBN, part 1 (Factors Inhibiting Accommodative Diplomacy since World War II),pages32–33:
      As the tension between the Soviets and the United States increased from 1948 to 1950, the administration took a number of actions that[George Frost] Kennan felt narrowed the possibilities for constructive negotiations between the two nations. These actions included the decisions to build thehydrogen bomb, to maintain American troops in Japan after the formal occupation was over, to create an independent West German state, and to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
    • 2005, F. W. Petersen, S. E. T. Bullock, “Sustainable Development Indicators—Some Technological Changes Made in the South African Mining and Resources Sector to Meet the Challenge”, in Roberto C[errini] Villas-Bôas[et al.], editors,A Review on Indicators of Sustainability for the Minerals Extraction Industries, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: CETEM/CNPq/CYTED,→ISBN, part 2 (Indicators: Some Facts, Exercises and Proposals),page162:
      To this end the Department of Science and Technology has identified thehydrogen economy and related fuel cell technologies as a "Frontier Science and Technology Area" that could potentially change the innovation course of the country's natural resources, and yield multiple social and economic benefits.
    1. (countable) Amolecule of this molecularspecies.
  6. (uncountable)Synonym ofprotium(“the lightest and mostcommonisotope of hydrogen (sense 1; symbol H,1H, or11H), ascontrasted withdeuterium andtritium”).
    Bothhydrogen and deuterium are present in every glass of water that you drink, but the amount of deuterium is rather small.
    • 1969 September, Dumas A. Otterson, Robert J. Smith, “Introduction”, inAbsorption of Hydrogen by Palladium and Electrical Resistivity up to Hydrogen-Palladium Atom Ratios of 0.97 (NASA Technical Note;D-5441), Washington, D.C.:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,→OCLC,page 2:
      Hydrogen is generally considered to be electronically the same as deuterium.[…] Neutron diffraction experiments by Ferguson, Schindler, Tanaka, and Morita (ref. 4) revealed that, near 50K, somehydrogen had moved from interstitial octahedral sites (0, 0, 1/2; 1/2, 0, 0; …) of the palladium lattice to the tetrahedral sites (1/4, 1/4, 1/4; 3/4, 3/4; …) (O-T transitions).

Synonyms

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element
molecule

Hyponyms

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isotopes
molecule

Derived terms

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Related terms

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Descendants

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Translations

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lightest chemical element
atom of this element
molecular hydrogen; molecule of this molecular species
synonym of protium—seeprotium

See also

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Periodic table of elements in English ·periodic table ofelements(layout ·text)
Period
Group
123456789101112131415161718
11   H
hydrogen		Color of the number (state of matter atSTP):liquid,gas,solid,synthetic,not yet been discovered2   He
helium
23   Li
lithium		4   Be
beryllium		Blocks:d-blockf-blockp-blocks-block5   B
boron		6   C
carbon		7   N
nitrogen		8   O
oxygen		9   F
fluorine		10   Ne
neon
311   Na
sodium		12   Mg
magnesium		13   Al
aluminum		14   Si
silicon		15   P
phosphorus		16   S
sulfur		17   Cl
chlorine		18   Ar
argon
419   K
potassium		20   Ca
calcium
21   Sc
scandium		22   Ti
titanium		23   V
vanadium		24   Cr
chromium		25   Mn
manganese		26   Fe
iron		27   Co
cobalt		28   Ni
nickel		29   Cu
copper		30   Zn
zinc		31   Ga
gallium		32   Ge
germanium		33   As
arsenic		34   Se
selenium		35   Br
bromine		36   Kr
krypton
537   Rb
rubidium		38   Sr
strontium
39   Y
yttrium		40   Zr
zirconium		41   Nb
niobium		42   Mo
molybdenum		43   Tc
technetium		44   Ru
ruthenium		45   Rh
rhodium		46   Pd
palladium		47   Ag
silver		48   Cd
cadmium		49   In
indium		50   Sn
tin		51   Sb
antimony		52   Te
tellurium		53   I
iodine		54   Xe
xenon
655   Cs
cesium		56   Ba
barium		*
71   Lu
lutetium		72   Hf
hafnium		73   Ta
tantalum		74   W
tungsten		75   Re
rhenium		76   Os
osmium		77   Ir
iridium		78   Pt
platinum		79   Au
gold		80   Hg
mercury		81   Tl
thallium		82   Pb
lead		83   Bi
bismuth		84   Po
polonium		85   At
astatine		86   Rn
radon
787   Fr
francium		88   Ra
radium		**
103   Lr
lawrencium		104   Rf
rutherfordium		105   Db
dubnium		106   Sg
seaborgium		107   Bh
bohrium		108   Hs
hassium		109   Mt
meitnerium		110   Ds
darmstadtium		111   Rg
roentgenium		112   Cn
copernicium		113   Nh
nihonium		114   Fl
flerovium		115   Mc
moscovium		116   Lv
livermorium		117   Ts
tennessine		118   Og
oganesson

*lanthanides57   La
lanthanum		58   Ce
cerium		59   Pr
praseodymium		60   Nd
neodymium		61   Pm
promethium		62   Sm
samarium		63   Eu
europium		64   Gd
gadolinium		65   Tb
terbium		66   Dy
dysprosium		67   Ho
holmium		68   Er
erbium		69   Tm
thulium		70   Yb
ytterbium
**actinides89   Ac
actinium		90   Th
thorium		91   Pa
protactinium		92   U
uranium		93   Np
neptunium		94   Pu
plutonium		95   Am
americium		96   Cm
curium		97   Bk
berkelium		98   Cf
californium		99   Es
einsteinium		100   Fm
fermium		101   Md
mendelevium		102   No
nobelium

References

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  1. ^Compare“hydrogen,n.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press, September 2024;“hydrogen,n.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.

Further reading

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Danish

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DanishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediada
Chemical element
HNext:helium (He)

Etymology

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FromFrenchhydrogène.

Noun

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hydrogen n (singular definitehydrogenet,not used in plural form)

  1. hydrogen
    Synonym:brint

Declension

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Declension ofhydrogen
neuter
gender		singular
indefinitedefinite
nominativehydrogenhydrogenet
genitivehydrogenshydrogenets

References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Chemical element
HNext:helium (He)
NorwegianWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediano

Noun

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Wikidata lexemes logo

hydrogen n (definite singularhydrogenet)(uncountable)

  1. hydrogen (chemical element, symbolH)

Derived terms

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Chemical element
HNext:helium (He)
Norwegian NynorskWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediann

Noun

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hydrogen n (definite singularhydrogenet)(uncountable)

  1. hydrogen (chemical element, symbolH)

Derived terms

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Welsh

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Chemical element
HNext:heliwm (He)
WelshWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediacy

Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishhydrogen, fromFrenchhydrogène, fromAncient Greekὕδωρ(húdōr,“water”) +γεννάω(gennáō,“I bring forth”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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hydrogen m (uncountable,not mutable)

  1. hydrogen
    Synonyms:ulai,ulnwy

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke,et al., editors (1950–present), “hydrogen”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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