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hard

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:HARD,Hard,härd,andhård

English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishhard, fromOld Englishheard, fromProto-West Germanic*hard(ī), fromProto-Germanic*harduz, fromProto-Indo-European*kort-ús, from*kret-(“strong, powerful”).

Cognates

Cognate withYolahard(“hard”),West Frisianhurd(“hard”),Alemannic Germanhert(“hard”),Bavarianhoat(“hard”),Central Franconianhaat(“hard”),Dutchhard(“hard”),Germanhart(“hard”),Luxembourgishhaart(“hard”),Danish,Swedishhård(“hard”),Faroese,Icelandicharður(“hard”),Norwegian Bokmålhard(“hard”),Norwegian Nynorskhard,hard’u(“hard”),Gothic𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃(hardus,“hard”),Ancient Greekκρατύς(kratús,“strong, mighty”),Sanskritक्रतु(krátu,“power, might, ability”),Avestan𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎(xratu).

Adjective

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hard (comparativeharderormorehard,superlativehardestormosthard)

  1. (of material or fluid)Solid andfirm.
    1. Resistant topressure;difficult tobreak,cut, orpenetrate.
      Synonyms:resistant,solid,stony;see alsoThesaurus:hard
      Antonym:soft
      This bread is so stale andhard, I can barely cut it.
    2. (of drink or drugs)Strong.
      Synonym:strong
      Antonym:low-alcohol
    3. (of a normally nonalcoholic drink) Containingalcohol.
      Antonyms:alcohol-free,soft,non-alcoholic
      hard cider,hard lemonade,hard seltzer,hard soda
      • 2023 March 1, Rachel Ellison, “Bad Dates Turn Out to Be Excellent on TikTok”, inThe New York Times‎[1], archived fromthe original on2 March 2023:
        Stunned, she deleted his number and went home. Then she cracked ahard seltzer, opened her phone’s camera and filmed a TikTok video recounting the evening […].
    4. (oenology) Veryacidic ortannic.
      • 2002, Robert M. Parker (Jr.), Pierre-Antoine Rovani,Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide (page 175)
        While most 1974s remainhard, tannic,hollow wines lacking ripeness, flesh, and character, a number of the Graves estates did produce surprisingly spicy, interesting wines.
    5. (of water) High indissolvedchemicalsalts, especially those ofcalcium.
    6. (physics, of aferromagnetic material) Having the capability of being apermanent magnet by being a material with high magneticcoercivity (comparesoft).
    7. (physics, ofelectromagneticradiation) Having a highenergy (highfrequency; shortwavelength).
      hard X-rays
    8. (photography, of light) Made up ofparallelrays, producing clearly definedshadows.
  2. (personal or social) Having a severe property; presenting difficulty.
    1. Difficult or requiring a lot ofeffort to do, understand, experience, or deal with.
      Synonyms:confusing,difficult,puzzling,tough,tricky;see alsoThesaurus:difficult
      Antonyms:easy,simple,straightforward,trite
      ahard problem;  ahard question;  ahard topic
      • 1988,Edmund White,An Oracle:
        Ray found ithard to imagine having accumulated so many mannerisms before the dawn of sex, of the sexual need to please, of the staginess sex encourages or the tightly capped wells of poisoned sexual desire the disappointed must stand guard over.
      • 1999 January 21,Alan Bennett, “What I did in 1998”, inLondon Review of Books, volume21, number 2:
        The stone circle is small and hard to find and the search is madeharder because all down the beck cars are parked on the verge and the supposedly unfrequented road up the valley very busy.
      • 2013 July 26,Nick Miroff, “Mexico gets a taste for eating insects …”, inThe Guardian Weekly, volume189, number 7, page32:
        The San Juan market is Mexico City's most famous deli of exotic meats, where an adventurous shopper can hunt downhard-to-find critters such as ostrich, wild boar and crocodile.
      • 2016 January 2, James Romm, “Beginning Greek, Again and Again”, inThe New York Times‎[2], archived fromthe original on8 November 2020:
        It’s been said that, for nonstellar teachers at least, thehardest things to teach are the things one loves most.
    2. Demanding a lot of effort to endure.
      Synonyms:difficult,intolerable,tough,unbearable
      Antonyms:bearable,easy
      ahard life
    4. Severe,harsh,unfriendly,brutal.
      Synonyms:harsh,hostile,severe,strict,tough,unfriendly;see alsoThesaurus:stern
      ahard master;  ahard heart; hard words;  ahard character
      The senator asked the party chief to put thehard word on his potential rivals.
    5. (dated) Difficult to resist or control; powerful.
    6. (military) Hardened; having unusually strong defences.
      ahard site
    7. (slang)Tough,muscular,badass.
      He thinks he's wellhard.
      • 2006, Noire[pseudonym],Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.:One World,Ballantine Books,→ISBN,page108:
        I was ahard niggah, but not twisted enough to eat and socialize with my peeps knowing I was planning on robbing them before the night was over.
    8. (slang)Excellent,impressive.
      This songgoeshard.
      This guy always has thehardestfits.
  3. Unquestionable;unequivocal.
    Synonyms:incontrovertible,indubitable,unambiguous,unequivocal,unquestionable
    hard evidence;  ahard requirement
    • 1796,The History of the Trial of Warren Hastings‎[3]:
      […]for, unless supported byhard facts, abusive words would recoil on him who used them, and would pass like empty air over the head of an innocent man.
    • 1962,The Selling Power of a Woman‎[4]:
      Here are a few techniques to turn ahard "no" into an easy "yes"!
    • 2011 December 19, Kerry Brown, “Kim Jong-il obituary”, inThe Guardian:
      Unsurprisingly for a man who went into mourning for three years after the death in 1994 of his own father, the legendary leader Kim Il-sung, and who in the first 30 years of his political career made no public statements, even to his own people, Kim's career is riddled with claims, counter claims, speculation, and contradiction. There are fewhard facts about his birth and early years.
  4. (of a road intersection) Having a comparatively larger or a ninety-degree angle.
    At the intersection, there are two roads going to the left. Take thehard left.
  5. (slang, vulgar) Sexuallyaroused; having anerectpenis.
    Antonyms:soft,flaccid
    I got sohard watching two hot girls wrestle each other on the beach.
  6. (bodybuilding) Havingmuscles that aretightened as a result of intense, regularexercise.
  7. (phonetics, not comparable)Fortis.
    Antonym:soft
    1. Plosive.
      There is ahardc in "clock" and asoftc in "centre".
    2. Unvoiced.
      Hardk,t,s,ch, as distinguished fromsoft,g,d,z,j.
  8. (Slavic phonology)Velarized orplain, rather thanpalatalized.
    The letterж(ž) in Russian is alwayshard.
  9. (art) Having asevereproperty; presenting abarrier to enjoyment.
    1. Rigid in the drawing ordistribution of the figures; formal; lacking grace of composition.
    2. Having disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in colour or shading.
  10. (not comparable)
    1. In a physical form, notdigital.
      a soft orhard copy; a digital orhard archive
    2. Using a manual or physical process, not by means of a software command.
      ahard reboot or reset
  11. (politics)Far,extreme.
  12. Ofsilk: not having had the naturalgum boiled off.
  13. (finance) Of amarket: having moredemand thansupply; being aseller's market.
    Antonym:soft
    • 2009, J. David Cummins, Olivier Mahul,Catastrophe Risk Financing in Developing Countries, page 7:
      Undercapitalized insurers cannot retain more catastrophe risks when the market ishard[…]
  14. (pornography)Hardcore.
Derived terms
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Related terms
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Descendants
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Translations
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resistant to pressure
requiring a lot of effort to do or understand
demanding a lot of effort to endure
severe
unquestionable
of drink: strong
of water, high in dissolved calcium compounds
sexually aroused; having an erect penis—see alsoerect
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adverb

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hard (comparativeharder,superlativehardest)

  1. (manner) With much force or effort.
    He hit the puckhard up the ice.
    They workedhard all week.
    The recession hit them especiallyhard.
    Thinkhard about your choices.
    The couple were fucking each otherhard.
    • 1595, Edmunde Spenser [i.e.,Edmund Spenser], “[Amoretti.] Sonnet VI”, inAmoretti andEpithalamion. […], London: […] [Peter Short] forWilliam Ponsonby,→OCLC,signature A4, verso:
      Be nought diſmayd that her vnmoued mind, / doth ſtill perſiſt in her rebellious pride: / ſuch loue not lyke to luſts of baſer kynd, / theharder vvonne, the firmer vvill abide.
    • 1610–1611 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act III, scene i]:
      […] My father / Ishard at study. Pray now, rest yourself;[…]
    • 1700,[John] Dryden, “The Wife of Bath's Tale”, inFables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […],→OCLC:
      prayed sohard for mercy from the prince
    • 1887, Harriet W. Daly,Digging, Squatting, and Pioneering Life in the Northern Territory of South Australia, page164:
      I playedhard, I drankhard, I rodehard, and did everything much on the same pattern.
    • 1985,Michael A. Arbib,In search of the person: philosophical explorations in cognitive science, page119:
      What, then, of the voluntarist's sense that one often has to think long andhard before making agonizing choices?
  2. (manner) With difficulty.
    His degree washard earned.
  3. (obsolete) So as to raise difficulties.
  4. (manner) Compactly.
    The lake had finally frozenhard.
  5. (now archaic)Near,close.
    At the intersection, bearhard left.
Derived terms
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Translations
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with much force or effort (related to act of think)

Noun

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hard (countable anduncountable,pluralhards)

  1. (countable, nautical) A firm or pavedbeach orslope convenient for hauling vessels out of the water.
    • 1952, Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu Baron Montagu,Beaulieu, the Abbey, Palace House, and Buckler's Hard, page36:
      The Monastery's ironworks at Sowley were renowned for centuries but declined with the passing of the 'wooden walls' at Buckler'sHard — a great number of these ships having been built with timber from the Beaulieu Woods[…]
    • 1967, John Christopher,The White Mountains:
      He brought the dinghy up to the careeninghard. Two or three boats lay on their sides on the sloping roadway, but there was no sign of life.
  2. (countable, motor racing) A tyre whose compound is softer thansuperhards, and harder thanmediums.
  3. (uncountable, drugs, slang)Crack cocaine.
  4. (uncountable, slang)Hard labor.
    The prisoners were sentenced to three years'hard.
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishharden,herden, fromOld Englishheardian(“to become hard”) andhierdan(“to make hard”), fromProto-West Germanic*hardēn and*hardijan, fromProto-Germanic*hardijaną.

Cognates

Cognate withDutchharden(“to harden”),Germanhärten(“to harden”),Danishhærde(“to harden; to temper”),Icelandicherða(“to harden”),Norwegian Bokmålherde(“to harden; to toughen”),Norwegian Nynorskherda(“to make hard, temper; harden”),Swedishhärda(“harden, temper”),Gothic𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽(gahardjan),*𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽(*hardjan,“to harden”).

Verb

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hard (third-person singular simple presenthards,present participleharding,simple past and past participleharded)

  1. (transitive, obsolete) To make hard,harden.
    • 1641, original1618, Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas, Josuah Sylvester,Du Bartas His Diuine Weekes and Workes:
      He knows vain men: he sees their harts thathard them In Guiles and Wiles, and will not hee regard them?

Anagrams

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Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Dutchhart, fromOld Dutchhart, fromProto-West Germanic*hard(ī), fromProto-Germanic*harduz.

Adjective

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hard (comparativeharder,superlativehardst)

  1. hard,strong
    Antonym:zacht
  2. (economics, of a currency)strong, not easilydevalued
  3. unquestionable,uncontestable
    harde feiten
    hard facts
  4. heartless,unsympathetic (of a person)
    Antonym:zacht
  5. hard,difficult
    eenharde strijd
    adifficult fight
  6. harsh,heavy
    harde straffen
    harsh punishments
    eenharde regen
    heavy rain
  7. hard, rich incalcium (of water)
    Antonym:zacht
  8. loud (of sound)
    Synonym:luid
    Antonym:zacht
  9. fast
    Synonym:snel
    Antonyms:langzaam,traag
    hard fietsen
    cyclefast
    hard rijden
    drivefast
    hard werken
    workhard
    hard lopen
    walkfast
Declension
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Declension ofhard
uninflectedhard
inflectedharde
comparativeharder
positivecomparativesuperlative
predicative/adverbialhardharderhethardst
hethardste
indefinitem./f. sing.hardeharderehardste
n. sing.hardharderhardste
pluralhardeharderehardste
definitehardeharderehardste
partitivehardsharders—
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 2

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Adverb

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hard

  1. (speed)fast,swiftly
    Ik heb een bekeuring gekregen omdat ik tehard heb gereden.
    I got a ticket because I drove toofast.
  2. very
  3. loudly

Etymology 3

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See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

Verb

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hard

  1. inflection ofharden:
    1. first-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. (in case ofinversion)second-personsingularpresentindicative
    3. imperative

French

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishhard.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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hard (pluralhards)

  1. (of pornography)hardcore
    Des photoshards.
    Hardcore pictures.

Noun

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hard m (pluralhards)

  1. hardcorepornography
    Le Journal duhard est une émission de Canal + dédiée au cinéma pornographique.
    Le Journal du hard ("Hard Porn News") is a broadcast by Canal+ dedicated to pornographic films.
  2. hard rock
    Elle adore lehard et le headbang.
    She just loveshard rock and headbanging.
    • 2004, Thomas Mansier,Identité du rock et presse spécialisée. Évolution d'une culture et de son discours critique dans les magazines français des années 90, page98:
      Lehard semble ainsi capable de remplir le contrat originel du rock.
      As such,hard rock seems capable of fulfilling the original purpose of rock.
    • 2014, Christian Eudeline, "Uriah Heep. Look At Yourself", inDu hard rock au métal. Les 100 albums cultes, Gründ (publ.).
      Au croisement duhard et du prog, Uriah Heep[…] enregistre là son meilleur disque, pourtant, leurs paroles pseudo-lyriques et leurs envolées déplaisaient.
      At the crossroads ofhard rock and prog rock, Uriah Heep […] records its best disc there; however, their pseudo-lyrical texts and their take-offs were disliked.

Irish

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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hard

  1. h-prothesized form ofard

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromOld Englishheard, fromProto-West Germanic*hard(ī), fromProto-Germanic*harduz.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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hard

  1. hard

Descendants

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References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Etymology

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FromOld Norseharðr, fromProto-Germanic*harduz.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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hard (neuter singularhardt,definite singular and pluralharde,comparativehardere,indefinite superlativehardest,definite superlativehardeste)

  1. hard (not soft)
  2. hard,stern,severe
  3. hardy

Derived terms

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Related terms

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References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology

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FromOld Norseharðr, fromProto-Germanic*harduz.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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hard (neuterhardt,definite singular and pluralharde,comparativehardare,indefinite superlativehardast,definite superlativehardaste)

  1. hard
  2. hard,stern,severe
  3. hardy

Derived terms

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References

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Old Saxon

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*hard(ī).

Adjective

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hard (comparativehardiro,superlativehardist)

  1. hard

Declension

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Positive forms of hard
Strong declension
singularplural
masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter
nominativehardhardhardharde,hardahardahard,harda
accusativehardan,hardenhardahardharda,hardehardahard,harda
genitivehardes,hardashardara,hardarohardes,hardashardaro,hardoro,harderohardaro,hardoro,harderohardaro,hardoro,hardero
dativehardumu,hardum,hardun,hardun,hardon,harden,hardanhardaro,hardaru,hardarahardumu,hardum,hardun,hardun,hardon,harden,hardanhardun,hardon,hardumhardun,hardonhardun,hardon,hardum
Weak declension
singularplural
masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter
nominativehardo,hardaharda,hardeharda,hardehardon,hardunhardon,hardun,hardanhardon,hardun
accusativehardon,hardanhardun,hardon,hardanharda,hardehardon,hardunhardon,hardun,hardanhardon,hardun
genitiveharden,hardanhardun,hardan,hardenharden,hardanhardono,hardenohardonohardono,hardeno
dativehardon,harden,hardanhardun,hardanhardon,harden,hardanhardon,hardunhardon,hardunhardon,hardun
Comparative forms of hard (weak only)
Weak declension
singularplural
masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter
nominativehardiro,hardirahardira,hardirehardira,hardirehardiron,hardirunhardiron,hardirun,hardiranhardiron,hardirun
accusativehardiron,hardiranhardirun,hardiron,hardiranhardira,hardirehardiron,hardirunhardiron,hardirun,hardiranhardiron,hardirun
genitivehardiren,hardiranhardirun,hardiran,hardirenhardiren,hardiranhardirono,hardirenohardironohardirono,hardireno
dativehardiron,hardiren,hardiranhardirun,hardiranhardiron,hardiren,hardiranhardiron,hardirunhardiron,hardirunhardiron,hardirun
Superlative forms of hard
Strong declension
singularplural
masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter
nominativehardisthardisthardisthardiste,hardistahardistahardist,hardista
accusativehardistan,hardistenhardistahardisthardista,hardistehardistahardist,hardista
genitivehardistes,hardistashardistara,hardistarohardistes,hardistashardistaro,hardistoro,hardisterohardistaro,hardistoro,hardisterohardistaro,hardistoro,hardistero
dativehardistumu,hardistum,hardistun,hardistun,hardiston,hardisten,hardistanhardistaro,hardistaru,hardistarahardistumu,hardistum,hardistun,hardistun,hardiston,hardisten,hardistanhardistun,hardiston,hardistumhardistun,hardistonhardistun,hardiston,hardistum
Weak declension
singularplural
masculinefeminineneutermasculinefeminineneuter
nominativehardisto,hardistahardista,hardistehardista,hardistehardiston,hardistunhardiston,hardistun,hardistanhardiston,hardistun
accusativehardiston,hardistanhardistun,hardiston,hardistanhardista,hardistehardiston,hardistunhardiston,hardistun,hardistanhardiston,hardistun
genitivehardisten,hardistanhardistun,hardistan,hardistenhardisten,hardistanhardistono,hardistenohardistonohardistono,hardisteno
dativehardiston,hardisten,hardistanhardistun,hardistanhardiston,hardisten,hardistanhardiston,hardistunhardiston,hardistunhardiston,hardistun

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Spanish

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishhard.

Adjective

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hard (invariable)

  1. hard,heavy,hardcore

Yola

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishhard, fromOld Englishheard, fromProto-West Germanic*hard(ī).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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hard

  1. hard
    • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number11, page88:
      W' vengem toohard, he zunk ee commane,
      With venom toohard, he sunk his bat-club,

Derived terms

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References

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  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867,page88
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