ha-
Ultimately fromProto-Turkic*ka-.
ha-
Inherited fromProto-Bantu*pà-(“Class 16 noun prefix”).
ha-
ha-
Inherited fromProto-Bantu*bà-(“Class 2 noun prefix”).
ha-
Represents multiple homophonous thematic prefixes of position I, whose exact identification and etymology remain difficult. Young and Morgan (1987, 1992) identify 6 such prefixes. Their main divider is the perfective paradigm they select (∅-,yi- oryii-perfective).
ha- (position I)
Alternative form ofho- when found immediately in pre-stem position.
ha- (position IV/V)
| singular | dual | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | shi- | nihi- | danihi- | ||
| 2nd person | ni- | nihi- | danihi- | ||
| 3rd person | bi- | ||||
| 4th person (3o) | yi- | ||||
| 4th person (3a) | ha-,hw- | ||||
| indefinite person (3i) | a- | ||||
ha-
| person | independent | subject concord | object concord | combined forms | possessive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | na | ndi- | si- | |||||
| singular | first | mimi | ni- | si- | -ni- | nami, namimi | ndimi,ndiye | simi,siye | -angu |
| second | wewe | u- | hu- | -ku- | nawe, nawewe | ndiwe,ndiye | siwe,siye | -ako | |
| third | yeye | a-,yu- | ha-,hayu- | -m-,-mw-,-mu- | naye, nayeye | ndiye | siye | -ake | |
| plural | first | sisi | tu- | hatu- | -tu- | nasi, nasisi | ndisi,ndio | sio | -etu |
| second | ninyi | m-,mw-,mu- | ham-,hamw-,hamu- | -wa- | nanyi, naninyi | ndinyi,ndio | sinyi,sio | -enu | |
| third | wao | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | nao | ndio | sio | -ao | |
| reflexive | — | — | -ji- | — | — | ||||
| For a full table including other classes, seeAppendix:Swahili personal pronouns. | |||||||||
FromProto-Oceanic*ka-.
ha-
ha-
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
|---|---|---|---|
| a- | unchanged | unchanged | ha- |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.