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further

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Alternative forms

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  • farther (See also the usage notes below.)

Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishfurther,forther, fromOld Englishforþor,furþor(further,adverb), fromProto-West Germanic*furþer, fromProto-Indo-European*per- (a common preposition), equivalent tofore +-ther(a vestigial comparative ending still present in such words asother,either,whether, and, in altered form, inafter); or as sometimes stated, asforth +‎-er. Cognate withScotsforder,furder(further),Saterland Frisianfoarder(further),West Frisianfierder(further),Dutchverder(further),Germanfürder(further).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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further (third-person singular simple presentfurthers,present participlefurthering,simple past and past participlefurthered)

  1. (transitive) To helpforward; toassist.
    Antonym:hinder
    • c.1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe],Tamburlaine the Great. [] The First Part [], 2nd edition, part 1, London: [] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, [], published1592,→OCLC; reprinted asTamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press,1973,→ISBN,Act II, scene i:
      In happie houre we haue ſet the Crowne
      Upon your Kingly head, that ſeeks our honor,
      In ioyning with the man, ordain’d by heauen
      Tofurther euerie action to the beſt.
    • 1885,Richard F. Burton,The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Night 558:
      Upon this he brought me a cotton bag and giving it to me, said, "Take this bag and fill it with pebbles from the beach and go forth with a company of the townsfolk to whom I will give a charge respecting thee. Do as they do and belike thou shalt gain what mayfurther thy return voyage to thy native land."
  2. (transitive) Toencouragegrowth; tosupportprogress or growth of something; topromote.
    Further the economy.
    tofurther the peace process

Derived terms

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Translations

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to encourage growth; to support progress or growth of something; to promote
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adjective

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further (notcomparable)

  1. (comparative form offar) More distant; relatively distant.
    See those two lampposts? Run to thefurther one.
    He was standing at thefurther end of the corridor.
  2. More,additional.
    I have onefurther comment to make.
    • 2011 November 3, Chris Bevan, “Rubin Kazan 1 - 0 Tottenham”, inBBC Sport[2]:
      This time Cudicini was left helpless when Natcho stepped up to expertly curl the ball into the top corner.
      That was the cue for further pressure from the Russian side and it tookfurther Cudicini saves to keep the score down.

Derived terms

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Translations

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more distant
more, additional

Adverb

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further (notcomparable)

  1. (comparative form offar) To, at or over a greater distance in space, time or other extent.
    I can runfurther than you.
    I live a littlefurther out of town.
    How was your company doing ten yearsfurther back?
    • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      “A very welcome, kind, useful present, that means to the parish. By the way, Hopkins, let this go nofurther. We don't want the tale running round that a rich person has arrived. Churchill, my dear fellow, we have such greedy sharks, and wolves in lamb's clothing. []
  2. (comparative form offar) To a greater extent or degree.
    Of the two civilisations, this one wasfurther advanced.
    I do not propose to discuss it anyfurther. - Please, let me explain just a littlefurther.
  3. Beyond what is already stated or is already the case.
    Chapter 10further explains the ideas introduced in Chapter 9.
    Don't confuse thingsfurther.
    Further, affiant sayeth naught. (A formal statement ending a deposition or affidavit, immediately preceding the affiant's signature.)
    • 2013 July 26,Leo Hickman, “How algorithms rule the world”, inThe Guardian Weekly, volume189, number 7, page26:
      The use of algorithms in policing is one example of their increasing influence on our lives.[]who, if anyone, is policing their use[?] Such concerns were sharpenedfurther by the continuing revelations about how the US National Security Agency (NSA) has been using algorithms to help it interpret the colossal amounts of data it has collected from its covert dragnet of international telecommunications.
  4. (conjunctive) Also; inaddition;furthermore;moreover.
    It is overlong, andfurther, it makes no sense.
    I claimfurthermore that he did not own the company but only worked there.
    • 1924,Aristotle, translated by W. D. Ross,Metaphysics, Book 1, Part 6:
      Further, besides sensible things and Forms he says there are the objects of mathematics, which occupy an intermediate position,[].
  5. (withto) Following on (from).
    Further to our recent telephone call, I am writing to clarify certain points raised.
    This example isfurther to the one on page 17.
    • 2006 February 14, European Court of Human Rights,Turek v. Slovakia[3], number57986/00, marginal 110:
      The Court notes that the applicant’s registration by the StB as their “agent” lies at the heart of the application. Although the Court has no jurisdiction ratione temporis to examine the registration as such, it observes that,further to his registration, the applicant was issued with a negative security clearance and his name and reputation were called into question.

Derived terms

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Translations

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comparative of far
in addition, even more
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked‌: "further (adverb)"
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked‌: "at greater distance"
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked‌: "moreover"
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked‌: "in continuation"

Usage notes

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In respect of general adjectival and adverbial use, some usage guides distinguishfarther andfurther, withfarther referring to distance, andfurther referring to degree or time.[1] Others, such as the OED, recommendfarther as a comparative form offar andfurther for use when it is not comparative.[2] However, most authorities consider the two interchangeable in most or all circumstances,[3] and historically, they were not distinguished.[1][4]

Farther is uncommon or old-fashioned in certain subsidiary senses, such as the adjectival sense of "more, additional" and the adverbial sense "moreover". It is virtually never used as a replacement for "further" in the phrase "further to".

As a verb,further greatly predominates overfarther in modern English.

See also

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References

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  1. 1.01.1Grammar Girl: Further Versus Farther”, inQuick and Dirty Tips[1], 4 June 2009 (last accessed), archived fromthe original on20 May 2009
  2. ^Daily Writing Tips – Farther, Further: What’s the Difference?
  3. ^Fowler’sModern English Usage
  4. ^Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “farther”, inOnline Etymology Dictionary.
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