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force

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Force,forcé,andforcë

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishforce,fors,forse, fromOld Frenchforce, fromLate Latinfortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural ofLatinfortis(strong), ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*bʰerǵʰ-(to rise, high, hill).

Noun

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force (countable anduncountable,pluralforces)

  1. Ability to influence;strength orenergy ofbody ormind;activepower;vigour;might;capacity ofexercising aninfluence orproducing aneffect.
    theforce of an appeal, an argument, or a contract
    • 1849–1861,Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XIV, inThe History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume(please specify |volume=I to V), London:Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans,→OCLC:
      He was, in the fullforce of the words, a good man.
    • 2018 December 1, Drachinifel, 9:45 from the start, inAnti-Slavery Patrols - The West Africa Squadron[1], archived fromthe original on29 November 2024:
      After his actions were challenged by foreign governments and Parliament initially tried to put a stop to his action, Denman returned home and argued his case with enoughforce that, by 1848, the Royal Navy was handed active permission andencouragement to raze every last slave factory they could find to the ground, andfull authority to stopany ship, ofany flag, that was thought to be a slaver, with a guarantee with[sic]no censure from the government.
  2. (physics) Aphysicalquantity that denotes ability topush,pull,twist oraccelerate a body and which has adirection and is measured in a unit dimensioned inmass ×distance/time² (ML/T²):SI:newton (N);CGS:dyne (dyn).
    Coordinate terms:moment of force,torque,work,energy,power
    1. (uncountable) The generalized abstraction of this concept.
      Torque is the rotational version of force.
      Force is the result of fundamental interactions.
    2. (countable) A particular form or type of force.
      Most physicists deem there to be fourfundamental forces: theweak force, thestrong force,gravitation, and theelectromagnetic force.
      1. (humorous or science fiction, withthe, often capitalized) Ametaphysical andubiquitous power from the fictionalStar Wars universe created byGeorge Lucas.See usage note.[1977]
        • 1999 September 28, Mike Selvey, “Crenshaw vindicated by a chain reaction”, inThe Guardian[2]:
          The Europeans tried, my goodness how they tried. But on the day the US proved too strong and too inspired. They were, dammit, just better. And when Leonard's putt dropped they clearly had theforce with them as well.
        • 2005,George Lucas,Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, spoken byPalpatine (Ian McDiarmid), published2005:
          The dark side of theForce is a pathway to many abilities some consider to be unnatural.
    3. (countable) An instance of a physical force.
      • 2012 March,Henry Petroski, “Opening Doors”, inAmerican Scientist, volume100, number 2, pages112–3:
        A doorknob of whatever roundish shape is effectively a continuum of levers, with the axis of the latching mechanism—known as the spindle—being the fulcrum about which the turning takes place. Applying aforce tangential to the knob is essentially equivalent to applying one perpendicular to a radial line defining the lever.
      Two forces acting upon the same point on an object will cancel out only if they have equal magnitude and opposite directions.
    4. (mass noun, possibly proscribed) Force understood as something of which there can be an amount.
      Heavier objects are those that are subject to more gravitational force.
  3. (countable) Anything that is able to make asubstantialchange in aperson orthing.
  4. Something or anything that has the power to produce a physical effect upon something else, such as causing it to move or change shape.
  5. (countable) Something that exerts influence.
    Near-synonyms:influence,factor,pressure
    1. (when in reference to that which it affects) Something that, over time, influences a system with which it interacts (with a connotation ofunderlyingness, subtlety, or indirectness).
      I believe that the main long-term force that guides a society's evolution is not the economy or the leaders, but the culture.
      Some skeptics have attributed changing temperatures to forces out of our control, such as axial procession.
  6. (uncountable)Powerexerted againstwill orconsent;compulsory power;violence;coercion.
    1. (law) Eitherunlawful violence, as in a "forced entry", or lawfulcompulsion.
  7. (countable) A group organized for the goal ofattacking,controling, orconstraining, especially one with a set command structure (in particular, a military or police group).
    Force Z
    • 1611 April (first recorded performance),William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies [] (First Folio), London: [] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,(please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):
      Is Lucius general of theforces?
    • 1910,Emerson Hough, chapter I, inThe Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      "A fine man, that Dunwody, yonder," commented the young captain, as they parted, and as he turned to his prisoner. "We'll see him on in Washington some day. He is strengthening hisforces now against Mr. Benton out there. []."
    • 2004 April 15, “Morning swoop in hunt for Jodi's killer”, inThe Scotsman:
      For Lothian and Borders Police, the early-morning raid had come at the end one of biggest investigations carried out by theforce, which had originally presented a dossier of evidence on the murder of Jodi Jones to the Edinburgh procurator-fiscal, William Gallagher, on 25 November last year.
    1. Any large, organized group involved in a militaryengagement.
    2. (in the singular or plural) Militarypersonnel, collectively, including any vehicles, ships, or aircraft. More broadly, themilitary orpolice altogether.
      After only a week, Japanese forces had captured Singapore from the British.
      reinforcements grew the Americanforce in the area to 9,000
      Roman forces were
      1. (usually with "the", in the singular or plural)Synonym ofpolice force.
        • 1880,[U.S.] House documents, page64:
          Q. All the time that he was on theforce?
          A. I cannot say that; but there were men on with me when I was on theforce who were very good Republicans.
          Q. During all this time you have been on the police force?
        • 1992,Rage Against the Machine (band),Killing in the Name:
          Some of those that workforces / Are the same that burn crosses
        • 2012 February 1, Janice Kay Johnson,Between Love and Duty, Harlequin,→ISBN, page77:
          Niall was on theforce, too, a detective in major crimes.
  8. (law, uncountable) The state of having legalweight, of being legallyvalid,.
    Near-synonym:effect(not limited to legal contexts)
    The law will come intoforce in January.
  9. (countable) Amagictrick in which the outcome is known to the magician beforehand, especially one involving the apparent free choice of a card by another person.
  10. (linguistics, semantics, pragmatics) Ability of anutterance or its element (word, form,prosody, ...) toeffect a given meaning.
    • 1962, J Gonda,The aspectual function of the R̥gvedic present and aorist, S̓-Gravenhage, Mouton, page43:
      When theaspectual force of the verbal categories weakens, the 'terminative',punctual ordeterminative value of the prefix gains in importance,...
  11. (financial mathematics, actuarial science) Theannualizedinstantaneousrate of change at a particulartimepoint.
Usage notes
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  • (science fiction): Outside of fiction,the force may be used as an alternative to invokingluck,destiny, orGod. For example,the force was with him instead ofluck was on his side, ormay the force be with you instead ofmay God be with you.
Sense overview
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Most of the main senses can be placed under the following umbrellas, all centered on the notion ofinfluence:

  • The ability to exert influence; in other words,power orstrength (the original sense borrowed from French).
  • Influence itself.
  • Something by which influence takes place (as in the physics senses).
  • Something that can or does exert influence (as in the military senses).
  • Forced influence, i.e.coercion.
Hyponyms
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Derived terms
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Collocations
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Collocations
  • Adjectives often applied to "force": military, cultural, economic, gravitational, electric, magnetic, strong, weak, positive, negative, attractive, repulsive, good, evil, dark, physical, muscular, spiritual, intellectual, mental, emotional, rotational, tremendous, huge.
Translations
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strength or energy of body or mind
power exerted against will or consent
anything that is able to make a big change in person or thing
physical quantity
anything that has the power to produce an effect upon something else
group that aims to attack, control, or constrain
ability to attack, control, or constrain
type of magic trick
law: legal validity
law: unlawful violence or lawful compulsion
linguistics: ability of an utterance to effect a given meaning
science fiction: binding, metaphysical, and ubiquitous power
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

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References

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Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishforcen, fromOld Frenchforcier, fromLate Latin*fortiāre, fromLatinfortia.

Verb

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force (third-person singular simple presentforces,present participleforcing,simple past and past participleforced)

  1. (transitive) To make someone or something do something, often regardless of their will.[from 15thc.]
    • 1910,Emerson Hough, chapter I, inThe Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      Captain Edward Carlisle[]felt a curious sensation of helplessness seize upon him as he met her steady gaze, []; he could not tell what this prisoner might do. He cursed the fate which had assigned such a duty, cursed especially that fate whichforced a gallant soldier to meet so superb a woman as this under handicap so hard.
    • 2009 July 23, “All things to Althingi”, inThe Economist:
      The second problem is the economy, the shocking state of which hasforced the decision to apply to the EU.
    • 2011 March 23, Tim Webb, Fiona Harvey,The Guardian:
      Housebuilders had warned that the higher costs involved would haveforced them to build fewer homes and priced many homebuyers out of the market.
    • 2024 March 6, “Network News: Southern revises Coastway service”, inRAIL, number1004, page12:
      The hourly Southampton to London Victoria service via Horsham has been axed, as has the direct Littlehampton-Bognor Regis service,forcing passengers to change [trains] at Barnham.
  2. (transitive) Toconstrain by force; to overcome the limitations or resistance of.[from 16thc.]
  3. (transitive) Todrive (something) by force, topropel (generally + prepositional phrase or adverb).[from 16thc.]
    Synonym:thrust
    • 1697,Virgil, “(please specify the book number)”, inJohn Dryden, transl.,The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. [], London: [] Jacob Tonson, [],→OCLC:
      It stuck so fast, so deeply buried lay / That scarce the victorforced the steel away.
    • c.1591–1592 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, []”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies [] (First Folio), London: [] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act III, scene iii]:
      toforce the tyrant from his seat by war
    • 1655,Thomas Fuller,The Church-history of Britain; [], London: [] Iohn Williams [],→OCLC,(please specify |book=I to XI):
      Ethelbert[]ordered that none should beforced into religion.
    • 2007 November 4,The Guardian:
      In a groundbreaking move, the Pentagon is compensating servicemen seriously hurt when an American tank convoyforced them off the road.
  4. (transitive) To cause to occur (despiteinertia,resistance etc.); to produce through force.[from 16thc.]
    The comedian's jokes weren't funny, but Iforced a laugh now and then.
    • 1982 December 4, Sharon Page, “R2N2 Conference: Revitalizing the Movement”, inGay Community News, volume10, number20, page 3:
      Janet Tobacman of Woman Organized for Reproductive Choice (WORC) in Chicago and New Jewish Agenda stated, "R2N2 needs omre discussion and action around sexuality in general,"forcing a concern that had little discussion throughout the conference.
  5. (transitive) To forciblyopen (a door, lock etc.).[from 17thc.]
    I forgot my keys in and so we had toforce (open) the door.
  6. (transitive) Toviolate (a woman); torape.[from 14thc.]
    • 1485,Sir Thomas Malory, chapterV, inLe Morte Darthur, book V:
      For yf ye were suche fyfty as ye be / ye were not able to make resystence ageynst this deuyl / here lyeth a duchesse deede the whiche was the fayrest of alle the world wyf to syre Howel / duc of Bretayne / he hath murthred her inforcynge her / and has slytte her vnto the nauyl
      (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1603,Michel de Montaigne, chapter 1, inJohn Florio, transl.,The Essayes [], book II, London: [] Val[entine] Simmes forEdward Blount [],→OCLC:
      a young woman not farre from mee had headlong cast her selfe out of a high window, with intent to kill herselfe, only to avoid the ravishment of a rascally-base souldier that lay in her house, who offered toforce her [].
  7. (obsolete, reflexive, intransitive) Toexert oneself, to do one's utmost.[from 14thc.]
  8. To obtain or win by strength; to take by violence or struggle; specifically, to capture by assault; to storm, as a fortress.
  9. (transitive, baseball) To create anout by touching abase in advance of a runner who has no base to return to while in possession of aball which has already touched the ground.
    Jonesforced the runner at second by stepping on the bag.
  10. (whist) To compel (an adversary or partner) totrump atrick byleading asuit that he/she does not hold.
  11. (archaic) To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce.
  12. (archaic) To provide with forces; to reinforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison.
  13. (obsolete) To allow the force of; to value; to care for.
  14. To grow (rhubarb) in the dark, causing it to grow early.
Conjugation
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Conjugation offorce
infinitive(to)force
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingularforceforced
2nd-personsingularforce,forcestforced,forcedst
3rd-personsingularforces,forcethforced
pluralforce
subjunctiveforceforced
imperativeforce
participlesforcingforced
Derived terms
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Translations
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to force sex upon another personseerape
to do one's utmost
to compel someone to do something
to constrain by force; to overcome the limitations or resistance of
to drive by force
to cause to occur, produce through force
to forcibly open
to obtain by strength
baseball: to create an out by touching a base
whist: to compel to trump
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

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Etymology 3

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FromMiddle Englishforce,forz,fors, fromOld Norsefors(waterfall), fromProto-Germanic*fursaz(waterfall). Cognate withIcelandicfoss(waterfall),Norwegianfoss(waterfall),Swedishfors(waterfall).Doublet offoss.

Noun

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force (pluralforces)

  1. (countable, Northern England) Awaterfall orcascade.
    • 1778,Thomas West,A Guide to the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire:
      to see the falls orforce of the river Kent
Derived terms
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Translations
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waterfallseewaterfall

Etymology 4

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FromMiddle Englishforcen,forsen, a use offorce, with confusion offarce(to stuff).

Verb

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force (third-person singular simple presentforces,present participleforcing,simple past and past participleforced)

  1. To stuff; to lard; to farce.
Derived terms
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Further reading

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Anagrams

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French

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Frenchforce, fromLate Latinfortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural ofLatinfortis(strong).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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force f (pluralforces)

  1. force
    • c.1656–1662, Blaise Pascal, “FragmentRaisons des effets n° 20 / 21”, inPensées [Thoughts]‎[3]:
      La justice sans laforce est impuissante. Laforce sans la justice est tyrannique.
      Justice withoutforce is powerless.Force without justice is tyrannical.
    • 1897, Henri Poincaré, “Les idées de Hertz sur la mécanique [The ideas of Hertz on mechanics]”, inRevue générale des sciences pures et appliquées [General Review of Pure and Applied Sciences]‎[4], volume 8, page734:
      — Qu'est-ce que laforce ? C'est, répond Lagrange, une cause qui produit le mouvement d'un corps ou qui tend à le produire. — C'est, dira Kirchhoff, le produit de la masse par l'accélération. Mais alors, pourquoi ne pas dire que la masse est le quotient de laforce par l'accélération ?
      "What isforce? It is," answers Lagrange, "a cause which produces the movement of a body or which tends to produce it." "It is," Kirchhoff will say, "the product of mass byacceleration." But then why not say that mass is the quotient offorce by acceleration?
  2. strength
    Coordinate term:faiblesse

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Adjective

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force (invariable)

  1. (archaic) Many; a lot of; a great quantity of

Verb

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force

  1. inflection offorcer:
    1. first/third-personsingularpresentindicative/subjunctive
    2. second-personsingularimperative

Further reading

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Galician

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Verb

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force

  1. inflection offorzar:
    1. first/third-personsingularpresentsubjunctive
    2. third-personsingularimperative
  2. (reintegrationist norm) inflection offorçar:
    1. first/third-personsingularpresentsubjunctive
    2. third-personsingularimperative

Middle French

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Etymology

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FromOld Frenchforce.

Noun

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force f (pluralforces)

  1. force (physical effort; physical might)

Descendants

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Old English

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Noun

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force f

  1. alternative form offorca (found in compounds)

Old French

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromLate Latinfortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural ofLatinfortis(strong).

Pronunciation

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  • (classical)IPA(key): /ˈfɔɾt͡sə/,(northern)/-t͡ʃə/
  • (late)IPA(key): /ˈfɔɾsə/,(northern)/-ʃə/

Noun

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forceoblique singularf (oblique pluralforces,nominative singularforce,nominative pluralforces)

  1. strength;might

Related terms

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Descendants

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Portuguese

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Verb

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force

  1. inflection offorçar:
    1. first/third-personsingularpresentsubjunctive
    2. third-personsingularimperative
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