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essere

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:èssere

Afar

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /esːeˈre/ [ʔɛsːɛˈɾɛ]
Hyphenation:es‧se‧re

Verb

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esseré

(transitive)ask
- Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani [The clear Qur'an and its explanation translated into the Afar language]‎^[3], Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 5:
  Diggah nanu Ni Rabbow koo inkittosnaah Qibaada dibuk koo caglisna, nanu ni-caagiidah inkih cato kooesserra.
  Our God, with strength we make you whole, only you we give [our] adoration,we as oneask you for help with our affairs.
(transitive)visit

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofessere (type II verb)

1st singular

2nd singular

3rd singular

1st plural

2nd plural

3rd plural

perfective

esseré

esseré

negative

imperfective

negative

prospective

esseréliyoh
esseréyyoh

esserélitoh
esseréttoh

esseréleh

esserélinoh
esserénnoh

esserélitoonuh
esseréttoonuh

esseréliton
esserétton

conjunctive I

negative

esseré wáyuh

esseré wáytuh

esseré wáyuh

esseré wáytuh

esseré wáynuh

esseré waytóonuh

esseré wóonuh

conjunctive II

negative

esseré wáankeh

esseré waytánkeh

esseré wáankeh

esseré waytánkeh

esseré waynánkeh

esseré waytaanánkeh

esseré wáankeh

jussive

affirmative

negative

esseré wáay

esseré wáytay

esseré wáay

esseré wáytay

esseré wáynay

esseré waytóonay

esseré wóonay

past
conditional

affirmative

negative

esseré wanniyóy

esseré wannitóy

esseré wannáy

esseré wanninóy

esseré wannitoonúy

esseré wanninoonúy

present
conditional I

affirmative

negative

esseré wéek

esseré wayték

esseré wéek

esseré wayték

esseré waynék

esseré wayteeník

esseré weeník

singular

plural

singular

plural

consultative

affirmative

esseróo

esserróo

imperative

affirmative

negative

negative

-h converb

-i form

-k converb

-in(n)uh converb

-innuk converb

infinitive

indefinite participle

Compound tenses
dependent verb	sequential	perfective +-m
dependent verb	simultaneous	imperfective +-m
past perfect		affirmative perfective +perfective ofén orsugé
present perfect		affirmative perfective +imperfective ofén
future perfect		affirmative perfective +prospective ofsugé
past progressive		-k converb +imperfective ofén orsugé
present progressive		affirmative imperfect +imperfective ofén
future progressive		-k converb +prospective ofsugé
immediate future		affirmative conjunctive I +imperfective ofwée
imperfect potential I		affirmative conjunctive I +imperfective oftakké
imperfect potential II	affirmative	imperfective +-m +*takké*
imperfect potential II	negative	esseré +imperfective ofwée +-m +*takké*
perfect potential	affirmative	perfective +-m +*takké*
perfect potential	negative	esseré +perfective ofwée +-m +*takké*
present conditional II	affirmative	imperfective +object pronoun +*tekkék*
present conditional II	negative	esseré +perfective ofwée +object pronoun +*tekkék*
perfect conditional	affirmative	perfective +imperfective ofsugé +-k
perfect conditional	negative	perfective +*sugé* +imperfective ofwée-k
irrealis		esseré +perfective ofxaaxé orraaré

References

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E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “essere”, inAn Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London,→ISBN

Italian

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Alternative forms

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esser(apocopic)

Etymology

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Inherited fromLatinsum, esse. The infinitive form is attested already fromEarly Medieval Latinessere. The past participlestato, shared with the verbstare, is fromLatinstātus.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈɛs.se.re/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes:-ɛssere
Hyphenation:ès‧se‧re

Verb

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èssere (first-person singular presentsóno,first-person singular past historicfùi,past participlestàto,first-person singular imperfectèro,first-person singular futuresarò,first-person singular subjunctivesìa,first-person singular imperfect subjunctivefóssi,second-person singular imperativesìi,auxiliaryèssere)

Used as acopula. tobe
Siamo qui. ―Weare here.
Sei bellissima. ―Youare very beautiful.
Giovanniè di Napoli. ―Giovanniis from Naples.
Chiè stato? ―Whowas it?
Sarò a casa tra cinque minuti. ―Iwill be home in five minutes.
Nonè come dici. ―Itis not as you say.
Denotes absolute time.
È venerdì, domanisarà sabato. ―Itis Friday, tomorrow itwill be Saturday.
È l'una.Sono le tre e mezza. ―Itis one o' clock. Itis a half past three.
È ora di andarsene. ―Itis time to go.
È estate. ―Itis summer
È presto.È tardi. ―Itis early. Itis late.
È giorno.È notte. ―Itis daytime. Itis nighttime.
È buio fuori. ―Itis dark outside.
Used with as anauxiliary in the conjugation of other verbs, before their past participle.
1. Forms composite forms of someintransitive verbs. Seethe full list.
  Sono andato. ―I went, Ihad gone.
  Sarei tornato. ―Iwould have come back.
2. Forms composite forms forpassive voice for all verbs.
  Avrà fatto.Sarà fatto. ―He will have done. Itwill be done.
  Ha mangiato.È mangiato.È stato mangiato. ―He ate. Itis eaten. Ithas been eaten.
3. Forms composite forms forreflexive voice for all verbs
  Ho visto. Misono visto. ―I saw. I saw myself.
  Essendosi calmato, si scusò. ―Having calmed down, he apologised.
(intransitive) toexist,there be
1. Most commonly withci orvi, see the appropriate entries atesserci andesservi for more information.
2. (archaic)Without anyclitics.
  - 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri, “III”, inDivina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volumeInferno [hell] (allegorical-didacticpoem,lyric poetry), lines7–8:
    Dinanzi a me nonfuor cose create / se non etterne, […]
    Before meexisted not created things / if not eternal, […]
    (literally, “Before me [there]weren’t created things / if not eternal, […]”)
  - 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri, “III”, inDivina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volumeInferno [Hell] (allegorical-didacticpoem,lyric poetry), lines49–51:
    Fama di loro il mondoesser non lassa; / misericordia e giustizia li sdegna: / non ragioniam di lor, ma guarda e passa.
    Fame of them the world does not letexist; / mercy and justice disdains them: / let us not think about them, but look and pass by.
  - 1316 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri, “XVI”, inDivina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volumePurgatorio [Purgatory] (allegorical-didacticpoem), line97:
    Le leggison, ma chi pon mano ad esse?
    The lawsexist, but who put its hand on them?
  - 1840,Alessandro Manzoni, “XII”, inI Promessi Sposi [The bethroted spouses], 3rd:la Quarantana[the Forty] edition (novel,historical fiction), page251:
    Spesso, in simili circostanze, l’annunzio d’una cosa la faessere.
    Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes ithappen.
  - 2008 [c. 600BCE], chapter 1, inCEI 2008 (Bibbia) [Bible]‎^[4], volumeGenesi [Genesis] (religious text,creation myth), line 3:
    Dio disse: «Sia la luce!». E la lucefu.
    God said: «Let there be light», and the lightwas.
(intransitive) to bereal
Non puòessere! ―It can'tbe!
Sarà, ma non ne sono convinto. ―Itmay be true, but I'm not convinced.
(intransitive) tohappen,occur; tobe
Quel cheè stato,è stato. ―Whateverhappened,happened.
Cosasarà di noi? ―Whatwill be of us?
(intransitive) tocost
Synonyms:(both more common in questions)costare,venire
Quant'è? ―How much does itcost? (literally, “How muchis it?”)
Sono venti euro. ―Itwill be twenty euros.
Denotes spatial and temporal distance.
È un quarto d'ora a piedi. ―Itis a fifteen-minute walk.
Da Roma a Frascatisono venti chilometri. ―From Rome to Frascatithere are twenty kilometers.
(intransitive, literary) tolive, bealive
- 1350–1353,Giovanni Boccaccio, “Giornata quinta [Fifth day]”, inDecameron orDecamerone [The Decameron] (collection ofNovellas),Novella nona [Ninth novella], page395:
  Dovete adunque sapere che Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, il qualefu nella nostra cittá, e forseè ancora, uomo di grande e di reverenda autoritá ne’ di nostri, […]
  You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, wholived in our city, and maybe stilllives there,was, and maybe stillis, a man of great and reverend authority in our days […]
  (literally, “You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, whowas in our city, and maybe stillis, a man of great and reverend authority in of our […]”)
- 1821,Alessandro Manzoni,Il cinque maggio [The Fifth of May] (poetry,ode), page689, line 1:
  Eifu.
  Hedied.
  (literally, “Hewas.”)
(intransitive, dated) to beabout to [withper(+infinitive)]
Synonym:stare
- 1835,Giacomo Leopardi, “XV. Il sogno [XV. The dream]”, inCanti [Songs] (poetry collection), page53:
  Masei tuper lasciarmi un'altra volta?
  Are youabout to leave me another time?

Usage notes

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The present participleessente is very rare, and is usually replaced withstante, the present participle ofstare, or with the present participles of its synonyms. Similarly the past participleessuto has disappeared, withstato, the past participle ofstare, being used instead.^[1]
The verbessere, including all of its conjugated forms, is the word that occurs most frequently in speech.
When stating an amount, for example amount of money to pay for a service, Italian, unlike English, uses the third pluralsono, not third singularè.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofèssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (SeeAppendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		essèndo
present participle		—	past participle		stàto
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sóno	sèi	è¹	siàmo	siéte,siète²	sóno
imperfect	èro	èri	èra	eravàmo	eravàte	èrano
past historic	fùi	fósti	fù³	fùmmo	fóste	fùrono
future	sarò	sarài	sarà	sarémo	saréte	sarànno
conditional	sarèi	sarésti	sarèbbe,sarébbe	sarémmo	saréste	sarèbbero,sarébbero
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìa	sìa	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano
imperfect	fóssi	fóssi	fósse	fóssimo	fóste	fóssero
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		sìi	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano
negative imperative		nonèssere	non sìa	non siàmo	non siàte	non sìano

¹With written accent.
²Traditional.
³With syntactic gemination after the verb.

Including lesser-used forms:

Conjugation ofèssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (SeeAppendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		essèndo,sèndo⁴
present participle		essènte⁹,ènte⁴	past participle		stàto,essùto⁴,sùto⁴
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sóno	sèi	è¹	siàmo,sémo²	siéte,siète³,sète⁴	sóno,ènno²,èmmo⁴
imperfect	èro,èra⁷	èri	èra	eravàmo,eràmo⁴,èramo⁴	eravàte,eràte⁴	èrano
past historic	fùi	fósti,fùsti⁴	fù⁶	fùmmo	fóste,fùste⁴	fùrono,fùro⁴,fóre⁴,fòro⁴,fuòro⁴
future	sarò	sarài	sarà,fìa⁴,fìe⁴	sarémo	saréte	sarànno,fìano⁴,fìeno⁴,fìaro⁸,fìero⁸
conditional	sarèi,sarìa⁴,fòra⁴	sarésti	sarèbbe,sarìa⁴,fòra⁴	sarémmo	saréste	sarèbbero,sarìano⁴,fòro⁴
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìa	sìa,sìi⁵	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano,sìeno⁵
imperfect	fóssi,fùssi⁴	fóssi,fùssi⁴	fósse,fùsse⁴	fóssimo,fùssimo⁴	fóste,fùste⁴	fóssero,fùssero⁴
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		sìi	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano,sìeno⁵
negative imperative		nonèssere	non sìa	non siàmo	non siàte	non sìano,non sìeno⁵

¹With written accent.
²Archaic or regional.
³Traditional.
⁴Archaic.
⁵Literary.
⁶With syntactic gemination after the verb.
⁷Archaic or literary.
⁸Poetic.
⁹Rare.

Truncated apocopic forms exist for many of the above forms:

Apocopic forms

Form	Inflection	Apocopic equivalent
èssere	infinitive	èsser
sóno	1st singular present indicative; 3rd plural present indicative	són
siàmo	1st plural present indicative/subjunctive/imperative	siàm
sémo	archaic or regional 1st plural present indicative	sém
ènno	archaic or regional 3rd plural present indicative	èn
eravàmo	1st plural imperfect indicative	eravàm
eràmo	1st plural imperfect indicative	eràm^[2]
èrano	3rd plural imperfect indicative	èran
fùmmo	1st plural past historic	fùm
fùrono	3rd plural past historic	fùron
fùro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fùr
fòro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fòr
fuòro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fuòr
sarémo	1st plural future	sarém
sarànno	3rd plural future	saràn
fìano	archaic 3rd plural future	fìan
fìeno	archaic 3rd plural future	fìen
sìano	3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative	sìan
sìeno	literary 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative	sìen
fóssimo	1st plural imperfect subjunctive	fóssim

Classical Roman Dialect:

Conjugation ofèssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (SeeAppendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		essèndo
present participle		essènte	past participle		stàto
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sò	sèi,sì¹	è²	sémo,sìmo¹	séte,sìte¹	sò,sònno³,sòco¹
imperfect	èro	èri	èra	èrimo	èrivo	èreno
past historic	fùi	fùssi,fùsti	fù	fùssimo,fùmio	fùssivo	fùrno
future	sarò²,serràio¹	sarài,serrài¹	sarà²,serrào¹	sarémo,serrémo¹	saréte,serrete¹	saròrno,sarànno,serràco¹
conditional	sarébbi,sarébbe,sarìa³,fòra¹	saréssi,fòri¹	sarébbe,sarìa³,fòra¹	saréssimo	saréssivo	sarébbeno,sarìano³,fórano¹
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìi	sìi	sìi	sémo	séte	sìino
imperfect	fùssi	fùssi	fùsse	fùssimo	fùssivo	fùssino
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		èssi	sìi	sémo	séte,sìte¹	sìino
negative imperative		nonèssere	non sìi	non sémo	non séte,non sìte¹	non sìino

¹Archaic.
²With written accent.
³Obsolete.

Derived terms

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Noun

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essere m (pluralesseri,diminutive(informal)esserìno,endearingesserùccio)

(uncountable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the condition of have life, reality, existence, the act of be living)being,living
Synonyms:essenza,esistere,esistenza
l’essere ed il nulla ―being and nothingness
(countable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the condition of have life, reality, existence, the act of be living)being,living
Synonym:(more common)vivere
passare dall’essere al nonessere ―to pass from theliving to the non-living
scienza/problema dell’essere ―science/problem ofbeing
L’essere semplicissimo/Il semplicissimoessere ―The very simplebeing
L’essere stesso/Il semplicissimoessere ―Thebeing itself
la totalità dell’essere ―the totality ofbeing
(uncountable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the act/fact of exist, existence, life)being
Synonyms:(countable)esistenza,(countable)vita
- 14–19 May 1835,Giacomo Leopardi, “Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico [Dialogue of a physicist and a metaphysician]”, inOperette morali [Moral operettas] (collection ofphylosophical novellas anddialogues), page66:
  […] Nel qual modo, accrescerai propriamente la vita umana, ed empiendo quegli smisurati intervalli di tempo nei quali il nostroessere è piuttosto durare che vivere, ti potrai dar vanto di prolungarla. […]
  […] In this way, you will properly increase human life, and by filling up those immense intervals of time in which ourbeing is rather lasting than living, you can boast of prolonging it. […]
(uncountable, way of being, condition, state, in relation to intrinsic qualities and properties, usually accompanied by a determination)being
Synonyms:modo diessere,condizione,stato,essenza
conoscere una persona/una cosa/un fatto nel suo veroessere ―to know a person/a thing/a fact in its truebeing
(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa/uno/una) gli domandò/chiese dell’esser suo ―he/she/it/one asked him about his being.
- 1802–1874,Niccolò Tommaseo,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] l’essere dell’uomo dista grandemente da quel delle bestie […]
  […] thebeing of the man is very far from that of the beasts […]
(uncountable, in ancient phrases)being;living;existence;condition
trovarsi inessere ―to be inbeing/to beliving (literally, “to found oneself/oneselves inbeing”)
- 1626–1697,Francesco Redi,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] le sue lettere son tutte inessere […]
  […] his letters are all inexistence […]
(uncountable, in ancient phrases)being,condition
Synonym:(countable)condizione
in buon/cattivoessere ―in good/badbeing/conditions
mobili/casa in cattivoessere ―furniture/house/home in badconditions
(uncountable, in ancient phrases)being, ingood conditions
Synonym:buone condizioni
mio nonno è sempre inessere ―my grandad/grandfather is always ingood conditions/healthy/inprosperity
(uncountable, in ancient phrases)ready
Synonym:(countable)pronto
averein essere ―to haveready
- 1507–1566,Annibale Caro,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] fate che al mio ritorno la scena sia inessere […]
  […] let the scene beready at my return […]
(uncountable, in ancient phrases)place,operation
Synonym:(uncountable)esercizio
porre inessere ―to put inplace/intooperation
(uncountable, concrete)being
- 1321 (volume and full book),Dante Alighieri, “I”, inDivina Commedia [Divine Commedy], volumeParadiso [Paradise] (allegorical-didacticpoem,epic poetry), lines110, 112–113:
  […] Tutte nature […] si muovono a diversi porti / per lo gran mar de l’essere […]
  […] All natures […] move to different ports / via the great sea ofbeing/god […]
  (literally, “[…] All natures […] move themselves to different ports / via the great sea ofbeing […]”)
(countable, concrete)being,creature
È unessere spregevole. ―it is a despicablebeing/creature.
(countable, concrete, by extension)living being,creature
Synonyms:essere vivente,creatura
Lo stessoessere (vivente) ―The same(living) being/creature
(uncountable, philosophy, followed byci)existence
Synonym:esistenza
l’esserci ―theexistence

Derived terms

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essere vivente(“living being”)
essere umano(“human being”)

Related terms

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essenza(“essence”)
futuro(“future”)

References

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essere¹ in Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
essere² in Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

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eresse

Latin

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Verb

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essere(EarlyMedieval Latin)

alternative form ofesse,present active infinitive ofsum(“to be”)
- Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)^[1]
  omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/essereabetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase
  omn[e]s quị ... in hanc aulam ... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sumessere [h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri ... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...
  All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one daybe what I am [sc. a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...
- Lex Curiensis (8th c.)^[2]
  ...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuiusessere debeat...
  ...whose it oughtto be...
- Alvarus'Confessio (mid-9th c. AD)^[3]
  Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum seculum peccantes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitjeessere uoluisti.
  For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intendedto be a place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.
- Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedo n.ᵒ6 (AD 905)^[4]
  Gundesalvus Nepotiani dumessere pausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.
  I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilstbeing lodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.

Descendants

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see:sum

References

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^https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B
^Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968.Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter. Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.
^Gil, Juan. 1973.Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum. Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.
^Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979.Obras Esparsas. Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.

Neapolitan

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Verb

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essere

alternative form ofèssere

Sardinian

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Etymology

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Inherited fromEarly Medieval Latinessere, fromLatinesse.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈessere/,[ˈɛs.sɛ.ɾɛ̆]

Verb

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essere

(intransitive) tobe(to exist)
Eoso su chiso ―Iam who Iam (literally, “I am that which I am”)
(intransitive) tobe(to occupy a place)
Est in Tatari ―[He] is in Sassari

Noun

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essere m (pluralesseres)

being
sosesseres umanos ―[the] humanbeings

Tarantino

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Etymology

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FromEarly Medieval Latinessere, fromLatinesse.

Verb

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essere

(intransitive) tobe

Usage notes

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Not used as an auxiliary verb.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofessere

person	singular			plural
infinitive	essere
gerund		?		past participle		?
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	ije	tu	jidde / jèdde	nuje	vuje	lóre
present	so'	sì,sìnde	jè,jé,éte	síme	síte	sò,sònde
imperfect	ére	ìre	ére,jéve	èreme	írene	èrene,jèvene
perfect	fuéve	fuìste	fu'	fuèmme	fuèsteve	fúrene
subjunctive	cu ije	cu tu	cu jidde / cu jèdde	cu nuje	cu vuje	cu lóre
present	sije	sía	sije	síme	síte	síene
imperfect	fòsse	fuèsse	fòsse	fòsseme	fuèsseve	fòssere
imperative	–	tu	jidde / jèdde	nuje	vuje	lóre
imperative	—	?	?	?	?	?

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