• IPA^(key): /esˌpina doɾˈsal/[esˌpi.na ð̞oɾˈsal]
• Syllabification:es‧pi‧na dor‧sal

espinadorsal f (pluralespinas dorsales)

1. (anatomy)spine,backbone(series of vertebrae that encloses the spinal cord)

   Synonyms:columna,columna vertebral

2. (figurative)backbone(fundamental support, structure, or infrastructure)

• “espina dorsal”, inDiccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1,Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish:Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

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