^Vajda, Edward;Werner, Heinrich (2022),Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries;79, 80), Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH,→ISBN, page293
^Strahlenberg, Philip J. von (1738), anonymous translator,An Historico-Geographical Description of the North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia[1], St. Petersburg[London], page Appendix: HARMONIALINGVARVM (Gentium Boreo-Orientalium Vulgo Tartarorum)
Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich (1968), “Материалы к срабнительно-исторической фонетике Енисейских языков. 1. Аринско-Енисейские соответствия”, in Ivanov, Vjacheslav Vselodovich, Toporov, Vladimir Nikolajevich, Uspenskij, Boris Andreevich, editors,Кетский Сборник 1: Лингвистика, Moscow: Nauka, pages286-292
Werner, Heinrich (2002),Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, volume 1, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag,→ISBN, pages272-273
Werner, Heinrich K. (2005),Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG,→ISBN, page157
“es” inMartalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974),Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Capitalized for the great octave or any octave below that, or in names of major keys; not capitalized for the small octave or any octave above that, or in names of minor keys.
Wo ist das Buch?Es liegt auf dem Tisch. ―Where's the book?It’s on the table.
Welche Farbe hat das Pferd?Es ist weiß. ―What color is the horse?It is white.
Wo ist das Kind? Ich habees. ―Where is the child? I haveit.
Ich bines, Michael. ―It's me, Michael.
Jedes Vorstandsmitglied kann das Wort ergreifen, wennes dies wünscht. ―Any board member may take the floor ifthey so wish.
he (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a male person, is neuter [das])
Ich bemerkte ein merkwürdiges bärtiges Individuum und beschloss,es im Auge zu behalten. ―I remarked a strange bearded individual and decided to keep an eye onhim.
she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a feminine person, is neuter [das])
Das Mädchen wusste nicht, dasses beobachtet wurde. ―The girl didn’t know thatshe was being observed.
Daskannesnichtgeben. ―This is nothingthat could possibly exist. (literally, “This,that cannot be.”)
Es wareinmal eine schöne Prinzessin. ―There was once a beautiful princess.
Sie begann zu laufen, und ich tates auch. ―She started to run, and so did I. (literally, “She began to run, and I didit also.”)
Es ist gut zu leben! ―It's good to be alive!
Es regnet. ―It’s raining.
Es ist sicher, dass morgen die Sonne scheinen wird. ―It's certain that the sun will shine tomorrow.
Wie gehtes dir? ―How are you doing? (literally, “How goesit you?”)
Es spielt das Fernsehorchester. The television orchestra is playing. ―(please add an English translation of this usage example) (literally, “It plays, the television orchestra.”)
Sie wirdes noch weit bringen. ―She is going to go far.
As a pronoun standing in for nouns which are grammatically neutral and which refer to people, it is sometimes considered old-fashioned or dated to insist on using the neutrales instead ofer/sie, especially forMädchen, in spoken language, and when there is a large distance between when the person is introduced and when the corresponding pronoun is used.
In a small and closed set of phrases,es continues a Middle High Germanës which was the genitive ofëz:Ich bines müde ‘I am tiredof it’.
In the colloquial speech of some areas, this pronoun is fully replaced with the demonstrative pronoundas, with which it shares the unstressed reduction /s/. This reflects a similar development forsie/die, but predates it.
Kristín Bjarnadóttir, editor (2002–2026), “es”, inBeygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls [The Database of Modern Icelandic Inflection] (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
^Kwik Khing Djoen (1923),Kitab Vortaro: Segala Perkatahan-Perkatahan Asing Jang Soeda Oemoem Di Goena Ken Di Dalem Soerat-Soerat Kabar Melayoe[2], Batavia: Sin Po, page147
Multiple Latin names for the letterS,s have been suggested. The most common ises or asyllabics, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter,sē,sss,əs,sə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters)ισσε(isse).
Arthur E. Gordon,The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 ofUniversity of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
The non-nominative forms derive fromProto-Indo-European dependent stem*me- (thea instead ofe in the Baltic languages appears to result from Iranian influence): reduplicated*me-me- →*mene →Proto-Baltic genitive/accusative*mane →*manen (by analogy with other accusatives) →*manens (by analogy with other genitives) → genitivemanis, while*manen → accusativemani. Dativeman comes from an older*mani. Instrumental variantmanim imitates the nominali-stem paradigm.
^Kwik Khing Djoen (1923),Kitab Vortaro: Segala Perkatahan-Perkatahan Asing Jang Soeda Oemoem Di Goena Ken Di Dalem Soerat-Soerat Kabar Melayoe[4], Batavia: Sin Po, page147
