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er-

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "er"

Dutch

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*uʀ-, fromProto-Germanic*uz- in unstressed positions.TheMiddle Dutcher- prefix mostly merged withver- andher- in Modern Dutch.The current prefix is therefore either a direct continuation of this prefix or loaned fromOld High Germanir-,Middle High Germaner-.A prefix with the same origin but in stressed positions isoor-.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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er-

  1. inseparable verbal prefix that indicates the cause or beginning of an action

Derived terms

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German

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Etymology

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FromMiddle High Germaner-, fromOld High Germanir-, fromProto-West Germanic*uʀ-, fromProto-Germanic*uz-(“up, out”). Cognate withOld Saxonā-,Englisha-.Doublet ofur-. Compare the use ofEnglishup in various verb constructions to emphasize a result, such asrustle up,work up, etc.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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er-

  1. Inseparable verbal prefix emphasizing a result of the action of the verb:
    1. Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates a successful conclusion, leads to the wanted result.
      ‎er- + ‎wachsen(“to grow”) → ‎erwachsen(“to arise”)
    2. Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates killing or dying.
      ‎er- + ‎drücken(“to push, squeeze”) → ‎erdrücken(“to squeeze dead”)
      ‎er- + ‎frieren(“to freeze”) → ‎erfrieren(“to freeze to death”)
    3. Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates getting something by some means, usually through conscious effort.
      ‎er- + ‎arbeiten(“to work”) → ‎erarbeiten(“to gain something by means of working for it”)

Usage notes

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  • In sense 3, the prefix is of almost unlimited productivity, provided that the underlying verb has initial stress. Such random constructs assich etwasertanzen(“to get something by dancing”),sich etwaserkuscheln(“to get something by cuddling”),etwasergoogeln(“to find information by googling it”), etc., are all possible and intelligible.

Derived terms

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Swedish

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Etymology

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FromGermaner-, fromOld High Germanir-, and/or fromMiddle Low Germaner-, fromOld Saxonā-, both fromProto-Germanic*uz-.

Prefix

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er-

  1. Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates an emphasizing meaning

Derived terms

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Anagrams

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Tocharian B

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Etymology

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FromProto-Tocharian*er- (whence alsoTocharian Aar-), fromProto-Indo-European*h₃er-(“to move, stir”).

Verb

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er-

  1. toevoke,call up
  2. toproduce,yield,bring forth

Further reading

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  • Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “er-”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,pages98-99

Welsh

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Etymology

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i-affected form ofar-.

Prefix

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er-

  1. on,above,sur-,super-,epi-
    ‎er- + ‎glynu(“to attach”) → ‎erlyn(“to pursue, prosecute”)

Derived terms

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Mutation

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Mutated forms ofer-
radicalsoftnasalh-prothesis
er-unchangedunchangedher-

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “er-”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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