2007 August 24, William Grimes, “Uh, Lead My Rips: No More Bloopers”, inThe New York Times[1], archived fromthe original on4 January 2013:
As the years go by, speech reverts to childhood levels of disfluency, with more pauses, more errors, more repeated words, but even the peak years are not great: up to 8 percent of the average person’s word output consists of meaningless fillers and placeholders like um, uh ander.
2012, Linda Miller,Desire and Destiny:
If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' /Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I,ER, STUDY YOU?'
2007 August 24, William Grimes, “Uh, Lead My Rips: No More Bloopers”, inThe New York Times[2], archived fromthe original on4 January 2013:
Although Shakespeare refers to “hums and ha’s,” sifting through etiquette manuals and public-speaking guides turns up scant evidence of a prohibition against ums,ers and uhs, which are profuse in the first recording of Thomas Edison’s voice, in 1888. Mr. Erard, rather ingeniously, traces the prohibition on um and other speech flaws to the advent of radio in the early 1920s.
Baboglu, N. İ.; Baboglu, İ. İ. (1993), “ер”, inGagauzça-Rusça hem Rusça Gagauzça Şkola Sözlüü [Gagauz-Russian and Russian-Gagauz School Dictionary], Chișinău: Vivat,→ISBN, page31
Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “er”, inGagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page31
Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “er”, inGagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page62
Çebotar, Petri; Dron, Ion (2002), “er”, inGagauzça-Rusça-Romınca Sözlük [Gagauz-Russian-Romanian Dictionary], Chișinău: Pontos Press,→ISBN, page238
N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ер”, inGagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija,→ISBN, page178
Wo ist Klaus? Wo ister? ―Where is Klaus? Where ishe?
Dies ist mein Hund.Er heißt Waldi. ―This is my dog.His name is Waldi.
(personal)it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der))
Dort steht ein Baum.Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ―There stands a tree.It is more than 100 years old.
(personal)she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der))
Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aberer kam nicht weit. ―In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, butshe didn’t get very far.
(Can wedate this quote?),Clemens Brentano,Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In:1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor),Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, geheer doch nach Haus und beteer fein und legeer ſich ſchlafen.
Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
1837,Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, inKinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2[3], page27:
Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, beiihm werd ich nicht satt, willer mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. Ifyou bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.
In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs:Ich erbarmte michseiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such asstatt ("instead of, in place of"):Ich kam stattseiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reasonan seiner Statt oran seiner Stelle is preferable.)
Ener dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
Butwhen the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
In modern times, the initiale- survives mostly only when the article precedes a word beginning withr- (or more rarely even when the previous word ends in a consonant), such as ine’resto(“thechange”) where a hypothetical**rresto(“change”) would be unacceptable because of its homophony withresto since geminatedr’s don't exist in Roman; this is also reflected in the writing where thee- is omitted, as inrcane(“thedog”).
難波功士[Koji Nanba] (2006), “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in関西学院大学社会学部紀要[4], number100, pages181–189
*hēr (unattested, but likely, as aspiration is attested in derived forms such ashērīcius andhērīnāceus, while the base form is attested only a couple of times)
There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this wasēr orēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form,irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus,Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.
Multiple Latin names for the letterR,r have been suggested. The most common iser or asyllabicr, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter,rē,rrr,ər,rə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters)ιρρε(irrhe).
^De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ēr”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page193
Arthur E. Gordon,The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 ofUniversity of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
The distinction of the formssiu andsie as shown above is typical of earlierUpper German texts, but was never general. The formssī andsi existed additionally and all four were increasingly used without differentiation.
Benecke, Georg Friedrich; Müller, Wilhelm; Zarncke, Friedrich (1863), “ër”, inMittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older formes, and many poems metrically require the contracted form-s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th centuryCodex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restoreer toes, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.
Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988), “er”, inPrūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian][5] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages282-283
Polański, Kazimierz (1971), “er”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław; Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page145
Polański, Kazimierz; James Allen Sehnert (1967), “er”, inPolabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page60
Olesch, Reinhold (1962), “Herr”, inThesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag,→ISBN, page237
马伟 (Ma Wei);朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016), “er, erğine”, in濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages - Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages108, 262
林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985), “er”, in撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar][7], Beijing:民族出版社: 琴書店,→OCLC, pages33, 134
(possessive)your,yours (possessed by the multiple individuals addressed, of one common-gender thing (or possessed by the single individual addressed, if used as a polite pronoun – see (sense 3)))
Believe inyourselves, boys! ["Eran" is ungrammatical here]
Är det härer boll, fröken?
Is thisyour [polite] ball, Miss? [Dated – see (sense 3). "Eran" would intuitively defeat the purpose of being polite here by being slightly less proper.]
you (second-person singular objective formal) (capitalizedEr, rare in contemporary Swedish – see the notes atni, which mostly also apply here)
Jag hörer inte, kapten
I can't hearyou [polite], Captain ["Er" is likely to still have been perceived as polite here, despite being used "upwards," which is a difference fromni, hence "mostly also apply." A perfectly "safe" polite phrasing would have been, "Jag hör inte kapten."]
Seeni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
Even thougher (2) and its archaic formeder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive formers andeders, which is only used in expressions likeers majestät(“Your Majesty”) anders höghet(“Your Highness”).
XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları;212)[8] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu,1963–1977
^R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “er”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
