FromLatinilla, feminine ofille.
ella
FromLatinilla, feminine ofille.
ella
Inherited fromLatinilla, feminine ofille. CompareOccitanela (and a medieval variantelha),Frenchelle,Spanishella.
ella (pluralelles)
| strong/subject | weak (direct object) | weak (indirect object) | possessive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proclitic | enclitic | proclitic | enclitic | |||||
| singular | 1st person | standard | jo,mi3 | em,m’ | -me,’m | em,m’ | -me,’m | meu |
| majestic1 | nós | ens | -nos,’ns | ens | -nos,’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | standard | tu | et,t’ | -te,’t | et,t’ | -te,’t | teu | |
| formal1 | vós | us | -vos,-us | us | -vos,-us | vostre | ||
| very formal2 | vostè | el,l’ | -lo,’l | li | -li | seu | ||
| 3rd person | m | ell | el,l’ | -lo,’l | li | -li | seu | |
| f | ella | la,l’4 | -la | li | -li | seu | ||
| n | ho | -ho | li | -li | seu | |||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1st person | nosaltres | ens | -nos,’ns | ens | -nos,’ns | nostre | ||
| 2nd person | standard | vosaltres | us | -vos,-us | us | -vos,-us | vostre | |
| formal2 | vostès | els | -los,’ls | els | -los,’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person | m | ells | els | -los,’ls | els | -los,’ls | seu | |
| f | elles | les | -les | els | -los,’ls | seu | ||
| 3rd person reflexive | si | es,s’ | -se,’s | es,s’ | -se,’s | seu | ||
| adverbial | ablative/genitive | en,n’ | -ne,’n | |||||
| locative | hi | -hi | ||||||
1 Behaves grammatically as plural. 2 Behaves grammatically as third person.
3 Only as object of a preposition. 4 Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.
FromLatinilla, feminine form ofille(“that”), fromOld Latinolle(“that”). Cognates includeItalianella andSpanishella.
ella f
| nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | 1st person | eiu | mi | mè | ||
| 2nd person | tù | ti | tè | |||
| 3rd person | m | ellu | li | u,l' | ellu | |
| f | ella | a,l' | ella | |||
| plural | 1st person | noi | ci | noi | ||
| 2nd person | voi | vi | voi | |||
| 3rd person | m | elli | li | i,l' | elli | |
| f | elle | e,l' | elle | |||
ella
ella o
FromOld Norseella, shortened from earlierelligar. Compareellegar. Ultimately fromProto-Germanic*aljaz.
ella
ella
FromLatinilla, feminine ofille(“that”).
ella f (pluralelle,archaic pluralelleno)
| singular | plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | secondformal /polite5 | third | first | second | secondformal /polite5 | third | |||||
| m orf | m | f | m orf | m | f | |||||||
| nominative | io | tu | Lei,Ella8 | lui,egli8,ello8,elli3, 8,esso8 | lei,ella8,essa8 | noi | voi,Voi7 | Loro | loro | |||
| elli3, 8,ellino4, 8,eglino4, 8,essi8 | elle3, 8,elleno4, 8,esse8 | |||||||||||
| atonic (clitic)11 | accusative /dative-reflexive | mi,m',-mi,me9 | ti,t',-ti,te9 | ― | si6,s',-si,se9 | ci,c',-ci,ce9 | vi,Vi7,v',V'7,-vi,-Vi7,ve9 | ― | si,s',-si,se9 | |||
| accusative | La,-La,L' | lo,l',-lo,il4 | la,l',-la | Le,-Le | li,-li | le,-le | ||||||
| dative | Le,-Le | glie9 | Loro10 | loro10,gli2,-gli2,glie9 | ||||||||
| gli,-gli | le,-le,gli2,-gli2 | |||||||||||
| locative | ― | ci,c', vi1,v'1 | ― | ci,c', vi1,v'1 | ||||||||
| partitive | ne,n' | ne,n' | ||||||||||
| tonic12 | prepositional-reflexive | ― | sé | ― | sé | |||||||
| oblique | me | te | Lei | lui,esso8 | lei,essa8 | noi | voi,Voi7 | Loro | loro, | |||
| essi8 | elle8,esse8 | |||||||||||
| 1 | Formal. | |||||||||||
| 2 | Informal. | |||||||||||
| 3 | Archaic. | |||||||||||
| 4 | Obsolete. | |||||||||||
| 5 | Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||||
| 6 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||||
| 7 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous). | |||||||||||
| 8 | Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro. | |||||||||||
| 9 | Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne). | |||||||||||
| 10 | Used after verbs. | |||||||||||
| 11 | Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.). | |||||||||||
| 12 | Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms. | |||||||||||
FromProto-Celtic*ɸalnati.
·ella
It is not easy to clearly distinguish between derivatives of this root and derivatives of·lá (fromProto-Celtic*layeti). Seefo·ceird for derivatives of·lá.
| radical | lenition | nasalization |
|---|---|---|
| ·ella (pronounced with/h/ inh-prothesis environments) | ·ella | ·n-ella |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
ella f
ella
Inherited fromLatinilla, feminine ofille.
ella (pluralellas,masculineél,masculine pluralellos)
| Nominative | Disjunctive | Dative | Accusative | Comitative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person | Singular | yo | mí | me | conmigo | |||
| Plural | Masculine1 | nosotros | nos | — | ||||
| Feminine | nosotras | |||||||
| Second-person | Singular | Tuteo | tú | ti | te | contigo | ||
| Voseo | vos | — | ||||||
| Formal2 | Masculine1 | usted | le,se3 | lo | ||||
| Feminine | la | |||||||
| Plural | Familiar4 | Masculine1 | vosotros | os | ||||
| Feminine | vosotras | |||||||
| Formal/general2 | Masculine1 | ustedes | les,se3 | los | ||||
| Feminine | las | |||||||
| Third-person | Singular | Masculine1 | él | le,se3 | lo | |||
| Feminine | ella | la | ||||||
| Neuter | ello5 | lo | ||||||
| Plural | Masculine1 | ellos | les,se3 | los | ||||
| Feminine | ellas | las | ||||||
| Reflexive | — | sí | se | consigo | ||||
ella
