In the present tense indicative, the form of the verb coincides with the imperative of the second person singular. In past tenses indicative, the form of the verb is personal past participle. In the conditional mood, the form of the verb coincides with third person singular conditional in the present tense or the past tense. In the indirect mood, the form of the verb is the indirect form.
With certain conjunctions, contractions may be used (e.g.miksi +ei →miksei). In some cases, likeellei andjollei, the independent conjunction has fallen out of use, but the contractions still remain in use. For other cases, the contractions are optional, but commonly used. When the contraction is used, the negative verb may effectively shift ahead in the clause:
En tiedä,miksi hänei tullut. → En tiedä,miksei hän tullut.
I don't knowwhy he didn't come.
Grammar
The negation verb is used with the connegative form of the main verb.
In the active voice, the verbei is inflected in person and mood (only for imperative, otherwise the indicative forms are used).
In the indicative mood and present tense (including forolla in the perfect tense), the connegative form is identical to the second-person singular imperative.
In the indicative mood and past tense (including forolla in the pluperfect tense and the main verb in the perfect and pluperfect tenses), the connegative form is the past active participle (-nut / -nyt).
In the conditional and potential moods, the connegative ends with the mood markers-isi- and-ne- (without the personal ending), respectively.
In the imperative mood, the connegative form is the same as the positive form for the second-person singular, while for the other forms a form ending in-ko / -kö is used.
In the passive voice, the third-person singularei (orälköön for the imperative mood) is used.
In the present tense, the connegative form is the impersonal or passive form without the final-an / -än (indicative),-in (conditional),-en (potential) and-on / -ön (imperative).
In the past tense (including the perfect and pluperfect tenses), the connegative form is the past passive participle (-ttu / -tty).
The total object in the negative is always in thepartitive case, not theaccusative case (whether that be the nominative, genitive or a special form):
Näen koiran. → En näe koiraa. ―I see a dog. → I don't see a dog.(accusative → partitive)
Näen naiset. → En näe naisia. ―I see the women. → I don't see the women.(accusative → partitive)
Näen sinut. → En näe sinua. ―I (can) see you. → I don't see you.(accusative → partitive)
An example of a full paradigm of active forms
Indicative:
Hän näkee. → Hänei näe.
He sees. / He does see. → He doesn't see.
Hän näki. → Hänei nähnyt.
He saw. / He did see. → He didn't see.
Hän on nähnyt. → Hänei ole nähnyt.
He has seen. → He hasn't seen.
Hän oli nähnyt. → Hänei ollut nähnyt.
He had seen. → He hadn't seen.
Conditional:
Hän näkisi. → Hänei näkisi.
He would see. → He wouldn't see.
Hän olisi nähnyt. → Hänei olisi nähnyt.
He would have seen. → He wouldn't have seen.
Imperative:
Näe! →Älä näe!
See! →Don't see!
Potential:
Hän nähnee. → Hänei nähne.
He probably sees. → He probablydoesn't see.
Hän lienee nähnyt. → Hänei liene nähnyt.
He probably has seen. → He probably hasn't seen.
An example of a full paradigm of passive forms
Indicative:
Hänet nähdään. → Häntäei nähdä.
He is seen. → He isn't seen.
Hänet nähtiin. → Häntäei nähty.
He was seen. → He wasn't seen.
Hänet on nähty. → Häntäei ole nähty.
He has been seen. → He hasn't been seen.
Hänet oli nähty. → Häntäei ollut nähty.
He had been seen. → He hadn't been seen.
Conditional:
Hänet nähtäisiin. → Häntäei nähtäisi.
He would be seen. → He wouldn't be seen.
Hänet olisi nähty. → Häntäei olisi nähty.
He would have been seen. → He wouldn't have been seen.
Imperative (the second form, perfect imperative, is rare):
Nähtäköön! →Älköön nähtäkö!
Let (it) be seen! →Don't let (it) be seen!
Oltakoon nähty! →Älköön oltako nähty.
Let (it) have been seen! →Don't let (it) have been seen!
Potential:
Hänet nähtäneen. → Häntäei nähtäne.
He probably is seen. → He probablyisn't seen.
Hänet lienee nähty. → Häntäei liene nähty.
He probably has been seen. → He probably hasn't been seen.
Indicative, conditional and potential moods use the indicative forms (steme-), for which the verb is conjugated only in person (the moods are distinguished by the connegative form used).
In theimperative mood the negation verb has the stemäl-. As with all verbs, the first-person plural imperative is formal or dated, while the third-person imperative (both singular and plural) is dated.
An archaicoptative mood exists and is used mainly in poetry.
“ei”, inKielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki:Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland),2004–, retrieved2023-07-02
Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989) “ei”, inÍslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies,→ISBN(Available atMálið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)
ei is adefective verb: It is only inflected for person, and has a distinct imperative series.
Grammar
In the indicative, conditional, imperative and potential used with a connegative form of the main verb:
In the present indicative the connegative is formally identical to the imperative singular:
hääeitaho ―shedoesn'twant
hööevättaho ―theydon'twant
In the imperfect indicative, the connegative is formally identical to the past active participle (placed in the nominative singular in the singular, nominative plural in the plural):
hääeitahtont ―shedidn'twant
hööevättahtoneet ―theydidn'twant
In the conditional the connegative is formally identical to the third-person singular conditional form:
hääeitahtois ―shewouldn'twant
hööevättahtois ―theywouldn'twant
In the imperative, the connegative is formed by replacing the imperative endings of the verb by the element-ko:
hääelköötahtoko! ―may shenotwant!
hööelkööttahtoko! ―may theynotwant!
The second-person singular of the imperative takes a distinct connegative, which is formally identical to the present indicative connegative:
elä taho! ―do not want!
In the potential, the connegative is formed by replacing the connegative endings of the verb by the element-ne:
hääeitahtone ―sheprobably won'twant
hööevättahtone ―theyprobably won'twant
For the impersonal forms, the third-person singular (ei /elköö) is used together with an impersonal connegative:
eitahota ―itisn'twanted
eitahottu ―itwasn'twanted
eitahottais ―itwoudn't bewanted
elköötahottako ―may itnot bewanted
eitahottane ―itprobably won't bewanted
When used to negate an infinitive, adverb, noun, etc., the negative verb agrees with the subject of the sentence:
hää herviijaaeiehtiä ―he is afraid tonot make it in time
höö herviijaatevätehtiä ―they are afraid tonot make it in time
N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009)Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect][5] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk,→ISBN, page20
Tatjana Boiko (2019) “ei”, inSuuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition,→ISBN, page38
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ei”, inMittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel
Shirley Burtch (1983)Diccionario Huitoto Murui (Tomo I) (Linguistica Peruana No. 20)[6] (in Spanish), Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, page75
Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017)A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[7], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page125
Myfi’n bugeilio’r gwenith gwyn, Ac arall ynei fedi.
Me watching the white wheat, And another reapingit.
her,it(with reference to masculine nouns; as object of a verbal noun; triggersaspirate mutation of following consonant andh-prothesis of a following vowel)
Traditional, “Milgi, milgi”:
Ar ben y bryn mae sgwarnog fach, ar hyd y nos mae'n pori A’i chefen brith a’i bola bola gwyn yn hidio dim am filgi.
On top of the hill there's a little hare, all night long she grazes Withher speckled back andher white white belly without taking any heed of any greyhound.
In formal Welsh, masculineef or femininehi is added after the noun or verbnoun whichei precedes to indicates emphasis on the determiner or pronoun. In colloquial Welsh, the masculine takese oro (southern and northern forms respectively) after a consonant andfe orfo (southern and northern) after a vowel, whereas the feminine takeshi, but is not necessarily an indicator of emphasis. Here, it is often included with the determiner and always included with the pronoun. The exception to the latter case is in passive constructions employingcael, where no addition is found.
In formal Welsh, the contraction'i is a valid form ofei found after mostly functional vowel-final words. In colloquial Welsh,ei is often contracted to'i after almost any vowel-final word. The exception is both forms of the language is after the prepositioni(“to, for”), after whichei contracts to'w. (Contraction to'w afterwedi is sometimes encountered but considered non-standard.)
Pronomialei and'i can occur before any verbal noun. Before a verb, pronomial'i is found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles. See entry for'i for more information.
The colloquial pronunciation/iː/,/ɪ/ is the original pronunciation, as shown by the Middle Welsh formy. The more careful pronunciation/ei̯/ is a laterspelling pronunciation.
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ei”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Many forms of this verb are irregular. Some are based on a rootei ~ e', some ona ~ aa, some ona'ja, and some onööne ~ wene:
ei ~ e' is used with most tense/aspect/mood markers and all adverbial and nominal derivatives of the verb.
a ~ aa is used for the nonpast form, question forms, and two third-person formsna'ñojo andnaichü.
a'ja is used for past imperfectives.
ööne ~ wene is used for the permanent aspect; this is the only verb in the language that has such an aspect.
The verb also takes an irregular suffix-ya in place of the ordinary recent/distant past perfective suffix-i. Similarly, the plural form of the same suffix is-yato rather than-icho.
This verb can be used as an auxiliary to form various constructions, making it possible to express tense/aspect/mood for constructions made with non-finite verb forms by putting the relevant markers on the copula instead.
Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “a'ja, ei, ka, ma, na, öönene, wa, weneene”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[9], Lyon, pages215–216, 238–239
Hall, Katherine (2007) “wenēne”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors,The Intercontinental Dictionary Series[10], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published2021
Hall, Katherine (2007) “wenɲə”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors,The Intercontinental Dictionary Series[11], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published2021
