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dialect

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

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FromMiddle Frenchdialecte, fromLatindialectos,dialectus, fromAncient Greekδιάλεκτος(diálektos,“conversation, the language of a country or a place or a nation, the local idiom which derives from a dominant language”), fromδιαλέγομαι(dialégomai,“I participate in a dialogue”), fromδιά(diá,“inter, through”) +λέγω(légō,“I speak”); bysurface analysis,dia- +‎-lect.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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dialect (pluraldialects)

  1. (linguistics, strict sense) Alect (often aregional orminority language) as part of a group or family of languages, especially if they are viewed as a single language, or if contrasted with astandardizedidiom that is considered the 'true' form of the language (for example,Bavarian as contrasted withStandard German).
    Synonym:(often derogatory)patois
    • 1995, Michael[G.] Clyne,The German language in a changing Europe, Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, page117:
      The question could be put: 'Is there anything inherent in adialect which gives it a negative stigma or is it that the status of the majority of the speakers is transferred to thedialect?' — something that occurs in many regions in different countries.
    • 2010, Mirjam Fried, Jan-Ola Östman, Jef Verschueren, editors,Variation and Change: Pragmatic perspectives (Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights; 6), John Benjamins Publishing Company,→ISBN,Dialect, by Ronald Macaulay, page61:
      Bloomfield, for example, noted that “localdialects are spoken by the peasants and the poorest people of the towns” (1933: 50) though he also thought that the lower middle class spoke 'sub-standard' speech.
    • 2014, Elizabeth Mary Wright (died 1958),Rustic Speech and Folk-Lore:
      Among common errors still persisting in the minds of educated people, one error which dies very hard is the theory that adialect is an arbitrary distortion of the mother tongue, a wilful mispronunciation of the sounds, and disregard of the syntax of a standard language.
  2. (linguistics, broad sense) Avariety of alanguage that is characteristic of a particulararea,community, orsocial group, differing from other varieties of the same language in relatively minor ways as regardsgrammar,phonology, andlexicon.
    Hyponyms:sociolect,ethnolect,genderlect,regiolect,topolect,geolect,vernacular
    • 1988, Andrew Radford,Transformational Grammar: A First Course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page139:
      And in addition, manydialects of English make no morphological distinction between Adjectives and Adverbs, and thus use Adjectives in contexts where the standard language requires-ly Adverbs
  3. (derogatory) Language that is perceived as substandard or wrong.
    • 1975, H. Carl,Linguistic Perspectives on Black English, page219:
      Well, those children don't speakdialect, not in this school. Maybe in the public schools, but not here.
    • 1994, H. Nigel Thomas,Spirits in the Dark, Heinemann, page11:
      […] on the second day, Miss Anderson gave the school a lecture on why it was wrong to speakdialect. She had ended by saying "Respectable people don't speakdialect."
    • 1967, Roger W. Shuy,Discovering American Dialects, National Council of Teachers of English, page 1:
      Many even deny it and say something like this: "No, we don't speak adialect around here.
  4. (colloquial, offensive) A language existing only in an oral or non-standardized form, especially a language spoken in a developing country or an isolated region.
    Synonym:vernacular
  5. (computing, programming) Avariant of a non-standardizedprogramming language.
    Home computers in the 1980s had many incompatibledialects of BASIC.
  6. (ornithology) A variant form of thevocalizations of a bird species restricted to a certain area or population.
    • 1896,Alfred Newton,A Dictionary of Birds, page893:
      A curious question, which has as yet attracted but little attention, is whether the notes of the same species of Bird are in all countries alike. From my own observation I am inclined to think that they are not, and that there exist "dialects," so to speak, of the song.

Usage notes

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  • In some linguistic traditions, the term "dialect" is restricted tononstandardlects. In scholarly English usage, it refers to both standardized andvernacular forms of language.[1]
  • The difference between a language and a dialect is not always clear, and often has more to do with political boundaries than with linguistic differences. It is generally considered that people who speak different dialects of the same language can understand each other, while people who speak different languages cannot, however, in some cases, people who speak different dialects of the same language are mutually unintelligible. Comparespecies in the biological sense.

Hyponyms

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Derived terms

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Related terms

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otherlects (cp.-lect)

Translations

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particular variety of a language

See also

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References

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  1. ^McGregor, William (2009)Linguistics: An Introduction, A&C Black,→ISBN, page160

Further reading

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  • "dialect" in Raymond Williams,Keywords (revised), 1983, Fontana Press, page 105.
  • Crystal, David (2008) “dialect”, inA Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6 edition, Blackwell Publishing,→ISBN
  • Fodde Melis, Luisanna; (2002)Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States, FrancoAngeli,→ISBN

Anagrams

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Dutch

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Frenchdialecte, fromLatindialectos,dialectus, fromAncient Greekδιάλεκτος(diálektos,“conversation, the language of a country or a place or a nation, the local idiom which derives from a dominant language”), fromδιαλέγομαι(dialégomai,“I participate in a dialogue”), fromδιά(diá,“inter, through”) +λέγω(légō,“I speak”).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˌdijaːˈlɛkt/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation:di‧a‧lect
  • Rhymes:-ɛkt

Noun

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dialect n (pluraldialecten,diminutivedialectje n)

  1. (linguistics)dialect(language variety)
  2. non-standarddialect;vernacular
    Synonyms:streektaal,mondaard

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Anagrams

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Romanian

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromFrenchdialecte.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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dialect n (pluraldialecte)

  1. (linguistics) language socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it
  2. (colloquial)dialect

Declension

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Declension ofdialect
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominative-accusativedialectdialectuldialectedialectele
genitive-dativedialectdialectuluidialectedialectelor
vocativedialectuledialectelor

Derived terms

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See also

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Further reading

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