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devoir

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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WOTD – 2 July 2016

Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishdevoir, borrowed fromMiddle Frenchdevoir, fromOld Frenchdeveir, fromLatindēbēre(“toowe;ought,must”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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devoir (pluraldevoirs)

  1. (archaic, often in plural)Duty,business; something that one must do.

Anagrams

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French

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Etymology

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Inherited fromMiddle Frenchdebvoir, fromOld Frenchdeveir, fromLatindēbēre (toowe;ought,must).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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devoir m (pluraldevoirs)

  1. duty
    manquer à sondevoir, manquer à tous sesdevoirs ―to fail in one's duty, duties
    Il est de mondevoir de protéger le roi. ―It is my duty to protect the king.
  2. exercise,assignment (set for homework)

Derived terms

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Verb

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devoir

  1. must, tohave to,should (as a requirement)
    Les auteurs d’un dictionnairedoivent déterminer au départ les catégories de mots à retenir, en fonction des limites imposées par l’éditeur et du public visé.
    The authors of a dictionaryhave to determine from the outset which categories of words to retain, according to the limits imposed by the editor, and the target audience.
    • 2014, Jean-Claude Bernardon,Résolution de conflits:
      Votre langagedoit vous permettre de maintenir une bonne distance de sécurité, être un peu plus poli et détaché que nécessaire est un avantage.
      Your languageshould permit you to keep a fairly secure distance, [as] being slightly more formal and detached than necessary is an advantage.
    1. (present)must
    2. (conditional)should
  2. must, to do or have with certainty
  3. (transitive) toowe (money, obligation and etc)
  4. (literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) if it isnecessary (+ infinitive)
    • 1842,George Sand,Consuelo:
      Eh bien, se dit-elle, j’irai,dussé-je affronter les dangers réels [...].
      Well, she said to herself, I'll go,even if Ihave to face real danger.
    • 1819, Pierre Capelle,Nouvelle Encyclopédie poétique -Tome XVIII‎[1], Ferra, page112:
      Et, quand les sots sont les plus applaudis,
      Dussé-je en tout passer pour une grue,
      Faveur se cache aussitôt qu’obtenue,
      Tant j’aime encor comme on aimait jadis.
      &, when the fools are the most applauded,
      Were I to pass for everthing as a crane,
      Favour hides as soon as it's obtained,
      So many I love still as we loved in days of yore.
    • 18--, Charles Paul de Kock, chapter XIV, inL'ânè a M. Martin‎[2], Jules Rouff et Cie, Paris, page132:
      Oui, oui, répond-on de tous côtés, nous vous attendrons... oh ! nous ne bougerons pas d’ici que vous ne soyez revenu,dussions-nous même y passer la nuit !
      "Yes, yes," they answered from all sides, "we will wait for you...oh! we will not move from here if you do not return,even if we have to spend the night!
  5. (reflexive, ~de) to have aduty to
    • 1791, Louis XVI, “Message du roi, à l'Assemblée nationale, le 13 septembre 1791 [Message of the King to the National Assembly on 13 September 1791]”, inConstitution française, présentée au roi par l'Assemblée nationale, le 3 septembre 1791 [French constitution, presented to the King by the National Assembly on 3 September 1791], Dijon: Imprimerie de P. Causse, page75:
      Aujourd’hui jedois aux intérêts de la nation, je medois à moi-même de faire connoître mes motifs.
      Today, Iowe to the interests of the nation, [so] Iowe it to myself to make my motives known.

Usage notes

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  • The circumflex accent applied to theu in the past participledû serves only to distinguish it from the prepositivedu(“of the”). As such, the circumflex is omitted in the participle's other inflections:due f sg,dus m pl,dues f pl. The diacritic is likewise omitted in the derived adjectiveindu(“undue, unwarranted”) and its inflected forms, but retained in the adverbial derivativedûment andindûment, where it serves as an etymological marker signaling the elision of the lettere from the older spellingduement. These latter, however, may be rendereddument andindument according to theorthographic reforms advanced by theConseil supérieur de la langue française and approved by theAcadémie française in 1990.
  • In negative constructions (e.g.ne pas devoir andne plus devoir), the sense becomes "must not," "should not", etc.
    Jedois y aller. ―I must go. / I have to go.
    Jene dois pas y aller. ―I must not go.
    Ne devriez-vous pas vous en aller ? ―Shouldn't you go away?
    Çane devrait plus vous poser de problèmes.
    That should no longer pose any problems.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofdevoir(see alsoAppendix:French verbs)
infinitivesimpledevoir
compoundavoir + past participle
present participle orgerund1simpledevant
/də.vɑ̃/
compoundayant + past participle
past participledû
/dy/
singularplural
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativeje (j’)tuil, elle, onnousvousils, elles
(simple
tenses)		presentdois
/dwa/		dois
/dwa/		doit
/dwa/		devons
/də.vɔ̃/		devez
/də.ve/		doivent
/dwav/
imperfectdevais
/də.vɛ/		devais
/də.vɛ/		devait
/də.vɛ/		devions
/də.vjɔ̃/		deviez
/də.vje/		devaient
/də.vɛ/
past historic2dus
/dy/		dus
/dy/		dut
/dy/		dûmes
/dym/		dûtes
/dyt/		durent
/dyʁ/
futuredevrai
/də.vʁe/		devras
/də.vʁa/		devra
/də.vʁa/		devrons
/də.vʁɔ̃/		devrez
/də.vʁe/		devront
/də.vʁɔ̃/
conditionaldevrais
/də.vʁɛ/		devrais
/də.vʁɛ/		devrait
/də.vʁɛ/		devrions
/də.vʁi.jɔ̃/		devriez
/də.vʁi.je/		devraient
/də.vʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		present perfectpresent indicative ofavoir + past participle
pluperfectimperfect indicative ofavoir + past participle
past anterior2past historic ofavoir + past participle
future perfectfuture ofavoir + past participle
conditional perfectconditional ofavoir + past participle
subjunctiveque je (j’)que tuqu’il, qu’elleque nousque vousqu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		presentdoive
/dwav/		doives
/dwav/		doive
/dwav/		devions
/də.vjɔ̃/		deviez
/də.vje/		doivent
/dwav/
imperfect2dusse
/dys/		dusses
/dys/		dût
/dy/		dussions
/dy.sjɔ̃/		dussiez
/dy.sje/		dussent
/dys/
(compound
tenses)		pastpresent subjunctive ofavoir + past participle
pluperfect2imperfect subjunctive ofavoir + past participle
imperative–tu–nousvous–
simple—dois
/dwa/		—devons
/də.vɔ̃/		devez
/də.ve/		—
compound—simple imperative ofavoir + past participle—simple imperative ofavoir + past participlesimple imperative ofavoir + past participle—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the prepositionen.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
past historic → present perfect
past anterior → pluperfect
imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995],Master the Basics: French, pp.77,78,79,81).

Conjugation ofse devoir(see alsoAppendix:French verbs)
infinitivesimplese devoir
compounds'être + past participle
present participle orgerund1simplesedevant
/sə də.vɑ̃/
compoundayantorétant + past participle
past participledû
/dy/
singularplural
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativeje (j’)tuil, elle, onnousvousils, elles
(simple
tenses)		presentmedois
/mə dwa/		tedois
/tə dwa/		sedoit
/sə dwa/		nousdevons
/nu də.vɔ̃/		vousdevez
/vu də.ve/		sedoivent
/sə dwav/
imperfectmedevais
/mə də.vɛ/		tedevais
/tə də.vɛ/		sedevait
/sə də.vɛ/		nousdevions
/nu də.vjɔ̃/		vousdeviez
/vu də.vje/		sedevaient
/sə də.vɛ/
past historic2medus
/mə dy/		tedus
/tə dy/		sedut
/sə dy/		nousdûmes
/nu dym/		vousdûtes
/vu dyt/		sedurent
/sə dyʁ/
futuremedevrai
/mə də.vʁe/		tedevras
/tə də.vʁa/		sedevra
/sə də.vʁa/		nousdevrons
/nu də.vʁɔ̃/		vousdevrez
/vu də.vʁe/		sedevront
/sə də.vʁɔ̃/
conditionalmedevrais
/mə də.vʁɛ/		tedevrais
/tə də.vʁɛ/		sedevrait
/sə də.vʁɛ/		nousdevrions
/nu də.vʁi.jɔ̃/		vousdevriez
/vu də.vʁi.je/		sedevraient
/sə də.vʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		present perfectpresent indicative ofs'être + past participle
pluperfectimperfect indicative ofs'être + past participle
past anterior2past historic ofs'être + past participle
future perfectfuture ofs'être + past participle
conditional perfectconditional ofs'être + past participle
subjunctiveque je (j’)que tuqu’il, qu’elleque nousque vousqu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		presentmedoive
/mə dwav/		tedoives
/tə dwav/		sedoive
/sə dwav/		nousdevions
/nu də.vjɔ̃/		vousdeviez
/vu də.vje/		sedoivent
/sə dwav/
imperfect2medusse
/mə dys/		tedusses
/tə dys/		sedût
/sə dy/		nousdussions
/nu dy.sjɔ̃/		vousdussiez
/vu dy.sje/		sedussent
/sə dys/
(compound
tenses)		pastpresent subjunctive ofs'être + past participle
pluperfect2imperfect subjunctive ofs'être + past participle
imperative–tu–nousvous–
simple—dois-toi
/dwa.twa/		—devons-nous
/də.vɔ̃.nu/		devez-vous
/də.ve.vu/		—
compound—simple imperative ofs'être + past participle—simple imperative ofs'être + past participlesimple imperative ofs'être + past participle—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the prepositionen.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
past historic → present perfect
past anterior → pluperfect
imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995],Master the Basics: French, pp.77,78,79,81).

Derived terms

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Related terms

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See also

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Further reading

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Middle English

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromMiddle Frenchdevoir, fromOld Frenchdevoir, deveir, fromLatindēbēre(“toowe, to be duty bound to do something”).

Noun

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devoir (pluraldevoirs)

  1. devoir

Descendants

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Old French

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromLatindēbēre.

Pronunciation

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  • (archaic)IPA(key): /dəˈvei̯ɾ/
  • (classical)IPA(key): /dəˈvoi̯ɾ/,(northern)/dəˈvei̯ɾ/
  • (late)IPA(key): /dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/,(northern)/dəˈveɾ/

Verb

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devoir

  1. (modal) tohave to;must
  2. toowe

Conjugation

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This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has a stressed present stemdoiv distinct from the unstressed stemdev, as well as other irregularities. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation ofdevoir (see alsoAppendix:Old French verbs)
simplecompound
infinitivedevoiravoirdeu
gerundendevantgerund ofavoir + past participle
present participledevant
past participledeu
personsingularplural
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativejotuilnosvosil
simple
tenses		presentdoidoisdoitdevonsdevezdoivent
imperfectdevoie,deveiedevoies,deveiesdevoit,deveitdeviiens,deviensdeviiez,deviezdevoient,deveient
preteriteduideüsdutdeümesdeüstesdurent
futuredevraidevrasdevradevronsdevroiz,devreiz,devrezdevront
conditionaldevroie,devreiedevroies,devreiesdevroit,devreitdevriiens,devriensdevriiez,devriezdevroient,devreient
compound
tenses		present perfectpresent tense ofavoir + past participle
pluperfectimperfect tense ofavoir + past participle
past anteriorpreterite tense ofavoir + past participle
future perfectfuture tense ofavoir + past participle
conditional perfectconditional tense ofavoir + past participle
subjunctiveque joque tuqu’ilque nosque vosqu’il
simple
tenses		presentdoie,doivedoies,doivesdoie,doivedoiiens,doions,devonsdoiiez,devezdoient,doivent
imperfectdeüssedeüssesdeüstdeüssons,deüssiensdeüssoiz,deüssez,deüssiezdeüssent
compound
tenses		pastpresent subjunctive ofavoir + past participle
pluperfectimperfect subjunctive ofavoir + past participle
imperative–tu–nosvos–
——————
  • Thetrema on theu of the past participledeü is not used by all authors.
  • The feminine forms of the past participle are more commonly spelleddue anddues, thoughdeue anddeues are attested.

Noun

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devoiroblique singular, m (oblique pluraldevoirs,nominative singulardevoirs,nominative pluraldevoir)

  1. debt

Descendants

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References

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  • Godefroy, Frédéric,Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes duIXe auXVe siècle (1881) (devoir)
  • “Appendix E: Irregular Verbs” in E. Einhorn (1974),Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, pages 152–153
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