FromMiddle Englishdẹ̄men(“to judge; to criticize, condemn; to impose a penalty on, sentence; to direct, order; to believe, think, deem”), fromOld Englishdēman(“to decide, decree, deem”),[1] fromProto-West Germanic*dōmijan, fromProto-Germanic*dōmijaną(“to judge, think”), fromProto-Indo-European*dʰeh₁-(“to set, put”).
The word is cognate withDanish andNorwegian Bokmåldømme(“to judge”),Dutchdoemen(“to condemn, foredoom”),North Frisiandema(“to judge, recognise”),Norwegian Nynorskdøma(“to judge”),Swedishdöma(“to judge, sentence, condemn”),Finnishtuomita(“to judge”). It is also related todoom.[2]
deem (third-person singular simple presentdeems,present participledeeming,simple past and past participledeemed)
- (transitive, obsolete) Tojudge, topassjudgment on; todoom, tosentence.
- Synonym:judge
1872, George C[olwell] Oke, “The Synopsis of Offences, etc. within the Provisions of the 11 & 12 Vict. c. 43”, inThe Magisterial Synopsis: A Practical Guide for Magistrates, Their Clerks, Attornies and Constables; […] In Two Volumes, 11th edition, volume I, London:Butterworths, […],→OCLC,page380:[Section] 39. Being found by a constable on a highway, street,or public place, suspected of coming from land where he has been unlawfully in searchor pursuit of game, and gameor nets, &c. being found in his possessionor in a cart, &c.,—the justicesdeeming the game unlawfully obtained from some land.
- (transitive, obsolete) Toadjudge, todecree.
- Synonym:judge
1843, “Act No. VII. of 1843”, inEast India. Acts Passed by the Honourable the President of theCouncil of India, and by the Right Honourable theGovernor-General, for 1843; […] (Accounts and Papers;328),[London]: Ordered, by theHouse of Commons, to be printed, […], published28 May 1845,→OCLC, section XLIV,page11:And it is hereby enacted, that in any zillah, in which the Governor in Council of Fort St. Georgedeems it expedient to establish the zillah court, and the court or courts under subordinate judges or principal sudder ameens, at separate stations, it shall be competent to the said Governor in Council, by an Order in Council, to authorize the session judge to take cognizance of all criminal cases subject ordinarily to the jurisdiction of the subordinate courts,[…]
- (transitive, obsolete) Todispense (justice); toadminister (law).
- Synonym:judge
- (ditransitive) Tohold inbelief orestimation; to adjudge as aconclusion; toregard as being; toevaluateaccording to one'sbeliefs; toaccount.
- Synonyms:consider;see alsoThesaurus:deem
Shedeemed his efforts insufficient.
1874, “Types of Russian Character”, inEdmund Routledge, editor,Routledge’s Every Boy’s Annual, London, New York, N.Y.:George Routledge & Sons,→OCLC,page254:To this sect belong also the Skakounui, or Jumpers.[…] They refuse to take an oath, and will not bear arms,deeming it sinful to shed human blood.
- (ambitransitive) Tothink, judge, or have or hold as anopinion; todecide orbelieve onconsideration; tosuppose.
1593,Gabriel Harvey,Pierces Supererogation: Or A New Prayse of the Old Asse, London: […] Iohn Wolfe,→OCLC; republished asJohn Payne Collier, editor,Pierces Supererogation: Or A New Prayse of the Old Asse. A Preparative to Certaine Larger Discourses, IntituledNashes S. Fame (Miscellaneous Tracts. Temp. Eliz. & Jac. I;no. 8), [London:[s.n.],1870],→OCLC,page41:It may ſeeme a rude diſpoſition that ſorteth not with the quality of the age; and pollicydeemeth that vertue a vice, that modeſty, ſimplicity, that reſolotenes, diſſolutenes, that conformeth not it ſelfe with a ſupple and deft correſpondence to the preſent time.
1660,Samuel Fisher, “The Fourth Apologeticall, and Expostulatory Exercitation”, inRusticus ad Academicos in Exercitationibus Expostulatoriis, Apologeticis Quatuor: The Rustick’s Alarm to the Rabbies, […], London: Printed for Robert Wilson,→OCLC, chapter VI,page220:[T]herefore hadAbel and hisworks acceptance, whenCain and his had none, becauſe he was righteous, not ſo eſteemed of God while he was not ſo indeed (as T[homas] D[anson]deems) who becauſe he ſo does,deems that God (as himſelf)deems thoſe and theirs to begood andrighteous,[…]
1665, Kenelme Digby [i.e.,Kenelm Digby], “[The Second Treatise: Declaring the Nature and Operations of Mans Soule.] Of Thinking and Knowing”, inTwo Treatises: In the One of which, the Nature of Bodies; in the Other, the Nature of Mans Soule is Looked into: In Way of Discovery of the Immortality of Reasonable Soules, London: Printed for Iohn Williams, […],→OCLC,page18:[I]f a man doe really deem the weather to be cold, or that his body is diſtempered, he putteth on warmer cloathes, or taketh phyſick: although peradventure he is miſtaken in both: for hisdeeming them to be ſo, maketh him demeane himſelfe in ſuch ſort, as if really they were ſo.
1678,John Bunyan,The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […],→OCLC,pages139–140:SoChriſtian came up with him again, and ſaid, Sir, you talk as if you knew ſomething more than all the World doth; and if I take not my mark amiſs, Ideem I have half a gueſs of you: Is not your name Mr.By-ends ofFair-ſpeech?
1720,Benjamin Marten, “Of the Great Number of Medicines and Various Methods of Cure Recommended for Consumptions, with the Different Opinions of Authors Concerning Them, &c.”, inA New Theory of Consumptions: More Especially of a Phthisis, or Consumption of the Lungs. […], London: Printed for R. Knaplock, […]; A. Bell, […]; J. Hooke, […], and C. King, […],→OCLC,pages101–102:[T]hoſe [remedies] that have obtain'd the Name of Antiſcorbutick, Antiſcrophulous, Traumatick, Vulnerary or Healing Medicines, and ſuch as aredeem'd Sweeteners of the Blood, and Correctors of Acrimony,[…] have all in their turns been held in high Eſteem;[…] Some think the Cure of aPhthiſis is to be compaſſed only by Alkalies; others by Acids; abundance of Phyſicians are of Opinion that no Good can be done in thi Diſeaſe without Opiates, which ſomedeem very pernicious;[…]
1847,Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Threnody”, inPoems, London: Chapman, Brothers, 121,Newgate Street,→OCLC,page195:Anddeemest thou as those who pore, / With aged eyes, short way before? / Think'st Beauty vanished from the coast / Of matter, and thy darling lost?
1853, Adam Anderson, “Some Deem it Sweet to Wander Far Abroad”, inPoems, Edinburgh: Thomas Grant, […],→OCLC,page110:Somedeem it sweet to wander far abroad, / And view the beauties of another shore; / Somedeem it sweet to shun affection's road, / And haunts of them whom once they did adore.
2020 July 29, Ian Prosser discusses with Paul Stephen, “Rail needs robust and strategic plans”, inRail, page42:For example, record-breaking rainfall in the UK made February 2020 the wettest February on record, while July 2019 wasdeemed to be the warmest month on record worldwide.
to hold in belief or estimation
- Arabic:حَكَم (ar)(ḥakam)
- Bulgarian:смятам (bg)(smjatam)
- Dutch:beschouwen (nl)
- Finnish:pitää (fi)(+ essive),kokea (fi)(+ translative),uskoa (fi),päätellä (fi)
- French:estimer (fr),croire (fr)
- Galician:considerar (gl),xulgar (gl)
- German:halten (de),erachten (de)
- Gothic:𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽(dōmjan)
- Greek:θεωρώ (el)(theoró)
- Hungarian:ítél (hu)
- Italian:considerare (it),valutare (it),credere (it)
- Japanese:見なす(minasu)
- Lithuanian:manyti (lt)
- Occitan:considerar (oc),jutjar (oc),estimar (oc),creire (oc)
- Persian:پنداشتن (fa),خیال کردن,فرض کردن (fa)
- Polish:uznać (pl) pf
- Portuguese:considerar (pt),estimar (pt)
- Russian:полага́ть (ru) impf(polagátʹ),счита́ть (ru) impf(sčitátʹ),ду́мать (ru) impf(dúmatʹ)
- Serbo-Croatian:smatrati (sh) impf,сматрати impf
- Slovak:uznať,považovať
- Spanish:considerar (es),concluir (es),estimar (es)
- Swedish:döma (sv)
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to have or hold as an opinion
Translations to be checked
FromMiddle Englishdeme, from the verb (see above).
deem (pluraldeems)
- Anopinion, ajudgment, asurmise.
deem m (pluraldemen,diminutivedeemke n)
- (Brabant)dumb person
Maa ziet gij da dan ni, 't ligt veur ave neus, gijsendeem!- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
deem
- (reintegrationist norm) inflection ofdar:
- third-personpluralpresentsubjunctive
- third-personpluralimperative
FromOld High Germanthemu,demu, fromProto-Germanic*þammai.
deem m orn (unstresseddem)
- dative ofdeen
- dative ofdat
deem
- inflection ofdar:
- third-personpluralpresentsubjunctive
- third-personpluralimperative
Scots form ofEnglishdame.
deem (pluraldeems)
- woman,dame
- maid (especially a kitchen maid)
