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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Close

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishclosen(to close, enclose), partly continuing (in altered form) earlierMiddle Englishclusen(to close) fromOld Englishclȳsan(to close, shut); comparebeclose,foreclose, etc.), and partly derived fromMiddle Englishclos(close, shut up, confined, secret,adjective), fromOld Frenchclos(close, confined,adjective), fromLatinclausus(shut up,past participle), fromclaudere(to bar, block, close, enclose, bring an end to, confine), fromProto-Indo-European*kleh₂w-(key, hook, nail), related toLatinclāvis(key, deadbolt, bar),clāvus(nail, peg),claustrum(bar, bolt, barrier),claustra(dam, wall, barricade, stronghold). Cognate withAncient Greekκλείς(kleís,bar, bolt, key),Germanschließen(to close, conclude, lock),Dutchsluiten(to close, conclude, lock). Partially replacedOld Englishlūcan(to close, lock, enclose), (whence Englishlock). Doublet ofclause.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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close (third-person singular simple presentcloses,present participleclosing,simple past and past participleclosed)

  1. (physical) Toremove orblock anopening,gap orpassage through.
    1. (ambitransitive) Tomove a thing, or part of a thing, nearer to another so that thegap oropening between the two isremoved.
      Synonyms:close up,shut
      Antonym:open
      Close the door behind you when you leave.
      Many flowersclose at night.
      Jimclosed his eyes and reclined back in his chair.
      The runner in second place isclosing the gap on the leader.
      toclose the ranks of an army
    2. (transitive) Toobstruct orblock.
      Synonyms:close off,close up,shut,shut off
      Antonym:open
      Theyclosed the road for the festival.
      Ice hasclosed the channel to shipping.
    3. (intransitive) To become denser or more crowded with objects.
      As we penetrated further, the forestclosed around us.
    4. (figuratively, transitive, intransitive) To make or becomeunreceptive.
      He hasclosed his mind to new ideas.
    5. (transitive, intransitive, engineering, gas and liquid flow, of valve or damper) To move to a position preventingfluid from flowing.
    6. (transitive, intransitive, electricity, of a switch, fuse or circuit breaker) To move to a position allowingelectricity to flow.
    7. Tograpple; to engage in closecombat.
      • 1856-1858,William H. Prescott,History of the Reign of Phillip II
        They boldlyclosed in a hand-to-hand contest.
    8. (transitive, intransitive, especially sports) To angle (aclub,bat or other hitting implement)downwards and/or (for aright-hander)anticlockwise of straight.
  2. To finish.
    1. (transitive) Toend orconclude.
      Synonyms:complete,end,finish,wind up,wrap up
      Antonyms:begin,commence,initiate,start
      The committee chairman made a few concluding remarks and thenclosed the session.
      toclose a bargain;   toclose a course of instruction
    2. (intransitive) To finish; to come to an end.
      Synonyms:end,finish,wind up,wrap up
      Antonyms:begin,commence,start
      The debateclosed at six o'clock.
    3. (ergative, marketing) Toconclude (asale).
    4. (transitive) To perform as the final act at (a show etc.).
      Nirvanaclosed the festival.
    5. (transitive, baseball, pitching) To make the finalouts, usually three, of a game.
      He hasclosed the last two games for his team.
    6. (transitive, finance) To cancel or reverse (a trading position).
  3. To make or become non-operational or unavailable for use.
    1. (transitive) To put out of use or operation.
      Synonym:close down
      We areclosing the phone lines at 9 pm.
      Your account has beenclosed because of non-payment.
      Theyclosed the airport because of a bomb scare.
    2. (intransitive) To cease operation or cease to be available.
      Phone lines willclose in ten minutes.
      Our options areclosing fast.
    3. (intransitive, of abusiness, market etc.) Toceasetrading for the day, or permanently.
      Synonym:shut
      Antonym:open
      The supermarketcloses at eight o'clock.
      Lots of shops in the town centre haveclosed because of the recession.
      The FTSE 100closed up 1.2%.
    4. (intransitive) To do the tasks (putting things away, locking doors, etc.) required to prepare a store or other establishment to shut down for the night.
      Whoeverclosed last night forgot to turn off the closet light.
    5. (ergative, computing) To terminate anapplication,window,file ordatabaseconnection, etc.
      Synonym:exit(an application)
      Antonyms:launch(an application),open,start(an application)
      Close the file when you have finished reading data.
      This app has a bug: when you try to sort a large spreadsheet, itcloses.
    6. (Philippines, Quebec, Greece, Cyprus) Toturn off; toswitch off.
      Pleaseclose the lights, the (electric) fan, the TV.
  4. (chiefly figurative) To come orgatheraround; toenclose.
    Synonyms:encompass,confine
  5. (surveying) To have avector sum of 0; that is, to form a closedpolygon.
Usage notes
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Due to the near-opposite meanings relating to fluid flow and electrical components, these usages are deprecated in safety-critical instructions, with the wordsto "on" orto "off" preferred, so instead ofClose valve A; close switch B useTurn valve A to OFF; turn switch B to ON.

Conjugation
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Conjugation ofclose
infinitive(to)close
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingularcloseclosed
2nd-personsingularclose,closestclosed,closedst
3rd-personsingularcloses,closethclosed
pluralclose
subjunctivecloseclosed
imperativeclose
participlesclosingclosed
Hyponyms
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Derived terms
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Phrasal verbs and conversions formed from them
Compound words and expressions
Related terms
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Translations
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obstruct (an opening)
move (a door)
bring one's eyelids together
put an end to
to make smaller
surveying: to have a vector sum of 0
to make a sale

Noun

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close (pluralcloses)

  1. Anend orconclusion.
    We owe them our thanks for bringing the project to a successfulclose.
    • 1878, Thomas Babington Macaulay, “Francis Atterbury”, inEncyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition[1]:
      His long and troubled life was drawing to aclose.
  2. The manner of shutting; the union of parts; junction.
  3. (sales) The point at the end of asales pitch when the consumer is asked to buy.
    Synonym:closer
    • 1983, Charles B. Roth, Roy Alexander,Secrets of Closing Sales, page110:
      Regardless of the situation, the minute you feel it's time for theclose, try it.
  4. Agrapple inwrestling.
  5. (music) The conclusion of astrain ofmusic;cadence.
  6. (music) Adoublebar marking the end.
  7. (aviation, travel) The time when check-in staff will no longer accept passengers for a flight.
Synonyms
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Antonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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end or conclusion

Etymology 2

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Borrowed fromFrenchclos, fromLatinclausum, participle ofclaudō.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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close (comparativecloser,superlativeclosest)

  1. Having little difference or distance in place, position, or abstractly;see alsoclose to.
    1. At little distance;near in space or time.
      Is your houseclose?
      Christmas is gettingclose.
      • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter VII, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
        [] St. Bede's at this period of its history was perhaps the poorest and most miserable parish in the East End of London.Close-packed, crushed by the buttressed height of the railway viaduct, rendered airless by huge walls of factories, it at once banished lively interest from a stranger's mind and left only a dull oppression of the spirit.
    2. Almost, but not quite (getting to an answer, goal, or other state);near.
      No, but you wereclose.
      We were soclose to winning!
      She wasn't quite in tears but she wasclose.
      • 2013 June 1, “End of the peer show”, inThe Economist, volume407, number8838, page71:
        Finance is seldom romantic. But the idea of peer-to-peer lending comesclose. This is an industry that brings together individual savers and lenders on online platforms. Those that want to borrow are matched with those that want to lend.
    3. (in particular) Almost resulting in disaster.
      Phew! That wasclose!
    4. Nearly equal; almost evenly balanced; almost exactly matching.
      Their ages are quiteclose.
      His face is aclose fit with the artist's impression.
      It was aclose contest.
    5. Adhering strictly to a standard or original; exact or nearly so.
      aclose translation; aclose copy
    6. Intimate or immediate in personal relationship.
      He is aclose friend.
      My brother and I wereclose when we were younger, but not so much now.
      For Christmas we just had a fewclose relatives round.
      aclose colleague; aclose ally
    7. Involving a tight connection; involving frequent communication, shared or cooperative activity, etc.
      We have aclose affiliation with the college.
      I keep inclose contact with my former colleagues.
  2. Compressed, restricted, constrained, etc.
    1. (archaic outside certain phrases) Physicallynarrow orconfined.
      aclose alley;close quarters;close confines
    2. Tight, with little space separating components or elements.
      For this job it's best to use wood with aclose grain.
      These trousers are aclose fit.
    3. Strictly confined; carefully guarded.
      He was captured and kept aclose prisoner.
    4. Tightly restricted in availability.
      The pregnancy was aclose secret.
      His lawyers have so far kept this informationclose.
    5. (law) Of a corporation or other business entity,closely held.
    6. Oppressive; without motion or ventilation; causing a feeling oflassitude.
      • 1627 (indicated as1626),Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, inSylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. [], London: [] William Rawley [];[p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee [],→OCLC:
        If the rooms be low-roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the airclose, [...] and the other maketh it exceeding unequal.
      • 1907,Algernon Blackwood,The Dance of Death [...]the artificial light andclose air of his high office stool [...]
      • 1921,P. G. Wodehouse, chapter X, inIndiscretions of Archie:
        He sighed drowsily. The atmosphere of the auction room wasclose; you weren't allowed to smoke; and altogether he was beginning to regret that he had come.
    7. (Ireland, UK, weather) Hot,humid, with nowind.
    8. (archaic) Dense; solid; compact.
  3. Rigorous, careful, etc.
    1. Attentive;undeviating;strict.
      The patient was kept underclose observation.
      Keep aclose eye on him.
      • a.1705,John Locke, “Of the Conduct of the Understanding”, inPosthumous Works of Mr. John Locke: [], London: [] A[wnsham] and J[ohn] Churchill, [], published1706,→OCLC,page90:
        I must acknowledge that hitherto I have discover’d no other way to keep our Thoughtscloſe to their Buſineſs, but the endeavouring as much as we can, and by frequent Attention and Application, getting the habit of Attention and Application.
    2. Carefully done, detailed.
      This issue meritsclose examination.
      Unfortunately, onclose reading of the Ts and Cs, it appears that your insurance does not cover this.
    3. Accurate; precise.(Can we add anexample for this sense? )
  4. Short.
    to cut grass or hairclose
  5. (now rare)Closed,shut.
  6. (linguistics, phonetics, of a vowel) Articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate.
  7. (heraldry, of a bird) With its wings at its side, closed, held near to its body (typically alsostatant);(of wings) in this posture.
    An eagle close.
    • 1780, Joseph Edmondson,A Complete Body of Heraldry:
      Crest, a cockatrice, wingsclose, vert, combed and wattled gu.
    • 1894, Henry Gough, James Parker,A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry, page215:
      Sable, an eagleclose or - ROPER, Derby. / Sable, a chevron ermine between three eaglesclose argent - GAMES, Leicester, granted 1614. / Sable a chevron between three eaglesclose argent - JERVOISE.
    • 1902, Lincoln's Inn (London, England),The Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn, page458:
      Arms : Azure, a chevron ermine between three cross - crosslets fitchy argent. Crest : An eagleclose argent, ducally gorged.
  8. (dated) Difficult to obtain.
    Money isclose.
    • 1886, “Leases of Lands in the Indian Territory”, inUnited States Congressional Serial Set, volume2362, page184:
      Some of these parties have not paid their last payment, because money wasclose last fall.
    • 1903,Gunton's Magazine of American Economics and Political Science, page249:
      We are told out West that the reason money is soclose now is because so large an amount has been invested in real estate. I cannot understand why that would make any difference if that money has been sent from one section of the country into another for the purpose of buying real estate. Why should it make any difference as to money beingclose? We are told in the East large amounts have been invested in the large manufacturing plants, such as the steel plants, etc. but if the money has been invested there it has simply changed hands, and why should that make any difference?
    • 1965,Country Life - Volume 137, page326:
      But there is reason underlying this confusion: time as well as money isclose these days and a small wardrobe of hats can be very boring.
  9. (dated) Parsimonious; stingy.
    • 1820,John Keats, “Isabella; or, The Pot of Basil. A Story fromBoccaccio.”, inLamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems, London: [] [Thomas Davison] forTaylor and Hessey, [],→OCLC, stanza XVII,page57:
      Yet were these Florentines as self-retired / In hungry pride and gainful cowardice, / As twoclose Hebrews in that land inspired, / Paled in and vineyarded from beggar-spies; [...]
    • 1837,Nathaniel Hawthorne, “Mr. Higginbotham's Catastrophe”, inTwice-Told Tales, volume I:
      [...] he was a crusty old fellow, asclose as a vice.
    • 1852 March –1853 September,Charles Dickens,Bleak House, London:Bradbury and Evans, [], published1853,→OCLC:
      Though a hard-grained man,close, dry, and silent, he can enjoy old wine with the best. He has a priceless bin of port in some artful cellar under the Fields, which is one of his many secrets.
  10. (obsolete) Out of the way of observation; secluded; secret; hidden.
  11. (archaic) Concise; to the point.
    close reasoning
    • 1690,John Dryden,Translations (Preface)
      Where the original isclose no version can reach it in the same compass.
  12. Marked, evident.(Can we add anexample for this sense? )
Synonyms
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Antonyms
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Hyponyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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confined
at little distance
intimate
hot and humid or muggy

Adverb

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close (comparativecloser,superlativeclosest)

  1. In a close manner (limited contexts; more oftenclosely).
    1. So as to leave or create little distance or space between objects.
      The car behind was following tooclose and could not brake in time.
      Please stayclose together.
    2. Carefully, in detail.
      Lookclose at the pictures.
    3. In combination (sometimes potentially ambiguous between adverb and adjective).
      close-packed,close-knit,close-fitting

Noun

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close (pluralcloses)

  1. (now rare, chiefly Yorkshire) An enclosedfield, especially a field enclosed around a (usually religious) building.
  2. (chiefly British) Astreet that ends in adead end.
  3. (Scotland) A very narrowalley between two buildings, oftenoverhung by one of the buildings above the ground floor.
  4. (Scotland) The common staircase in atenement.
    • 2022, Liam McIlvanney,The Heretic, page279:
      The woman nodded at a nearby flight of steps. 'This is myclose. We can talk in here. Come on.'.
  5. Acathedral close.
  6. (law) Theinterest which one may have in a piece of ground, even though it is not enclosed[1]
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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street
narrow alley between two buildings in Scotland

Descendants

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References

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  1. ^John Bouvier (1839), “CLOSE”, inA Law Dictionary, [], volumesI (A–K), Philadelphia, Pa.: T. & J. W. Johnson, [], successors to Nicklin & Johnson, [],→OCLC.

Anagrams

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Dutch

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishclose.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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close (comparativecloser,superlativemeest closeorclosest)

  1. close(intimate or immediate in personal relationship)
  2. close(almost resulting in disaster)

Declension

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Declension ofclose
uninflectedclose
inflectedclose
comparativecloser
positivecomparativesuperlative
predicative/adverbialclosecloserhetclosest
hetcloseste
indefinitem./f. sing.closecloserecloseste
n. sing.closeclosercloseste
pluralclosecloserecloseste
definiteclosecloserecloseste
partitiveclosesclosers

French

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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close

  1. femininesingular ofclos

Verb

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close

  1. first/third-personsingularpresentsubjunctive ofclore

Participle

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close sg

  1. femininesingular ofclos

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Middle English

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Noun

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close

  1. plural ofcloth

Portuguese

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Etymology

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Unadapted borrowing fromEnglishclose.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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close m (pluralcloses)

  1. (photography)close-up(photography in which the subject is shown at a large scale)
    Synonym:close-up
  2. (Brazil, gayslang)attitude
    Synonym:carão

Derived terms

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