(grammar) A verb along with itssubject and theirmodifiers. If a clause provides a complete thought on its own, then it is an independent (superordinate) clause; otherwise, it is dependent (subordinate).(Independent clauses can be sentences; they can also be part of a sentence. Dependent clauses can only be part of a sentence.)
1988, Andrew Radford, chapter 6, inTransformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page300:
However, Coordination facts seem to undermine this hasty conclusion: thus, consider the following: (43) [Your sister could go to College], but [would she get a degree?] The second (italicised) conjunct is aClause containing an inverted Auxiliary,would. Given our earlier assumptions that inverted Auxiliaries are in C, and that C is a constituent of S-bar, it follows that the italicisedClause in (43) must be an S-bar. But our familiar constraint on Coordination tells us that only constituents belonging tothe same Category can be conjoined. Since the secondClause in (43) is clearly an S-bar, then it follows that the firstClause must also be an S-bar — one in which the C(omplementiser) position has been left empty.
1951 April, “Notes and News: North Fife Line, Scotland”, inRailway Magazine, number600, page281:
Mr. Waller adds that when the railway was authorised in 1897, one of theclauses of the Act authorising the transfer of the line to the North British Railway provided that that company should work it in perpetuity, and it was thisclause that caused the interim interdict to be granted.
In “When it got dark, they went back into the house”, “When it got dark” is a dependent clause within the complete sentence. The independent clause “they went back into the house” could stand alone as a sentence, whereas the dependent clause could not.
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
1970, Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee,Report of the session, number11:
The question ofclausing the bills of lading, so as to avoid "dirtying", which impairs its negotiability, may also be looked into
1978, Samir Mankabady,The Hamburg rules on the carriage of goods by sea, page215:
Any attempt toclause a Bill of Lading will be strenuously resisted by shippers, and they will obtain clean bills in the usual ways
1990, Alan Mitchelhill,Bills of lading: law and practice:
It was held that the bills of lading presented were in this case 'clean' as they contained no reservations by way of endorsement,clausing or otherwise to suggest that the goods were defective
2004, Martin Dockra with Katherine Reece Thomas,Cases & materials on the carriage of goods by sea, page104:
There is little authority in English law dealing with the liability of a carrier who unnecessarilyclauses a bill of lading.
