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chữ Nôm

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chữ(“character”) +‎Nôm(“vulgar”), Nôm referring to the vernacular language. Nôm originally meantsouth. Seenôm na.

• (Hà Nội)IPA^(key): [t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ nom˧˧]
• (Huế)IPA^(key): [t͡ɕɨ˧˨ nom˧˧]
• (Saigon)IPA^(key): [cɨ˨˩˦ nom˧˧]

chữNôm• (字喃,𡨸喃,𡦂喃)

1. (writing) ahistoricalwriting system derived fromChinese characters that was once used towriteVietnamese

   Synonym:Quốc âm(obsolete)

2. (by extension) certainwriting system(s) derived fromChinese characters historically used by certain groups of speakers of Tai languages in Vietnam to write their language(s), now usually grouped together aschữ Nôm Tày ("the Nôm script of the Tày people")

   Chữ Nôm của dân tộc Tày tỉnh Bắc Kạn vừa được công nhận là Di sản văn hóa phi vật thể cấp quốc gia.

   TheNôm script of the Tày people of Bắc Kạn Province has just been recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage.

• Although often (mis)portrayed as being what Nôm characters were, semantophonograms were simply one category of characters in Nôm texts. Even in the early 20th century (the last days of Nôm literature), no Nôm texts were spelled with only semantophonograms. The majority of Nôm texts were a mix of mostly phonograms and semantophonograms, with other types of characters occupying a smaller portion. Many of modern presentations of Nôm texts often show very dense use of semantophonograms (some of which were very rare or are straight-up ghosts), which might be misleading of what Nôm texts were actually like when they were in regular use.

1. • 19th century,Nguyễn Đình Chiểu,Tale ofLục Vân Tiên:

     些低拱固𠬠昆
     𠸜𱺵裴儉奴群於京

     Ta đây cũng có một con,
     Tên là Bùi Kiệm, nó còn ở kinh.

     I also have a son,
     His name is Bùi Kiệm; he's still at the capital.

     The example above is from an early 20th century (1916) copy of an original work from mid-19th century. In these two lines,些,低,固,奴,群 are phonograms used purely for their phonetic values;𠬠,𱺵 are simplified forms of沒 and羅 respectively (also used as phonograms);𠸜,拱 are semantophonograms;昆,於 are phonograms with semantic matching (拱 might instead belongs here); and裴,儉,京 are straightforward Sino-Vietnamese elements.

   • 18th century,Đặng Trần Côn (鄧陳琨) (circa 1705–1745) (original Chinese), translated byĐoàn Thị Điểm (段氏點) (1705–1746/1748) (traditionally claimed), might actually be translated byPhan Huy Ích (潘輝益) (1751–1822),Chinh phụ ngâm khúc (征婦吟曲) [The Song of a Soldier's Wife], lines25-26:

     外頭梂渃𤄯如𤀓
     塘边梂𦹵木群𡽫

     Ngòi đầu cầu, nước trong như lọc,
     Đường bên cầu, cỏ mọc còn non.

     Beneath the bridge the brook flows crystal-clear,
     Along the nearby path thrives grass, still young.

     This example shows denser use of semantophonograms.外,木,群 are phonograms used for their phonetic values;边 is a simplified form of邊;梂,渃,𤄯,𤀓,塘,𦹵 are semantophonograms;𡽫(non,“young”) here is a phonetic rebus from𡽫(non,“mountain”), a semantophonogram; and頭,如 are straightforward Sino-Vietnamese elements.

• Diacritics, such asdấu nháy anddấu cá, and a variety of iteration markers, such asヌ,匕,〻, and (rarely)々, were also used. Although like otherdiacritical marks andsignifiers in other Sino-Xenic languages (such as Japanese゛), their usages were very inconsistent.
• Although technically "unstandardized", there were still plenty ofconventions followed by most writers. For example, the grapheme for "to eat" (modernăn) was overwhelmingly the semantophonogram咹 in Nôm texts, with the phonogram安 being used only or chiefly in the earliest texts (i.e.Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh, 佛說大報父母恩重經), clearly indicating the establishment and adoptation of conventions.

• chữ Hán,chữ Nho,chữ Tàu
• quốc ngữ

• Vietnamese compound terms
• Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation
• Vietnamese lemmas
• Vietnamese nouns
• vi:Writing
• Vietnamese terms with usage examples
• Vietnamese terms with quotations
• vi:Vietnamese
• vi:chữ Nôm
• vi:Writing systems

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• Vietnamese terms in nonstandard scripts