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c'

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:cʼandAppendix:Variations of "c"

French

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Alternative forms

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ç'(before ‹a›, ‹o› and ‹u›)

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /s‿/
Audio(France (Lyon)): (file)

Pronoun

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c' m or f

apocopic form ofce

Related terms

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**French personal pronouns**
number	person	gender	nominative (subject)	accusative (direct complement)	dative (indirect complement)	locative (at)	genitive (of)	disjunctive (tonic)¹	emphatic reflexive
singular	first	—	je,j’	me,m’		—	—	moi	moi-même
	second	—	tu	te,t’		—	—	toi	toi-même
	third	masculine	il²	le,l’	lui	y	en	lui	lui-même
		feminine	elle	la,l’	lui	y	en	elle	elle-même
		indeterminate	on³,l’on (formal),ce⁴,c’,ça	—	—	—	—	—	—
		reflexive	—	se,s’⁵		—	—	soi	soi-même
plural	first	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous	nous-mêmes
	second⁶	—	vous	vous		—	—	vous	vous-mêmes, vous-même⁶
	third	masculine	ils⁷	les	leur	y	en	eux⁷	eux-mêmes⁷
	third	feminine	elles	les	leur	y	en	elles	elles-mêmes

¹ The disjunctive (tonic) forms are also used after an explicit preposition (de/d’,à,pour,chez,dans,vers,sur,sous, ...), instead the accusative, dative, genitive, locative, or reflexive forms, where a preposition is implied.
²Il is also used as an impersonal nominative-only pronoun.
³On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms).
⁴ The nominal indeterminate formce (demonstrative) can also be used with the auxiliary verbêtre as a plural, instead of the proximal or distal gendered forms.
⁵ The reflexive third person singular forms (se ors’) for accusative or dative are also used as third person plural reflexive.
⁶Vous is also used as the polite singular form, in which case the plural disjunctive tonicvous-mêmes becomes singularvous-même.
⁷Ils,eux andeux-mêmes are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members.

Italian

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Adverb

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c' (apocopated)

(before the vowels e or i)apocopic form ofci

Conjunction

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c' (apocopated)

(literary, before h or vowels different from e and i)apocopic form ofche

Alternative forms

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ch'(before the vowels e or i)

Pronoun

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c' (apocopated)

(before the vowels e or i)apocopic form ofci
(colloquial, before every conjugation ofavere)apocopic form ofci

Usage notes

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Mainly elides beforeessere,è,era etc.

Italian personal pronouns
		first	second	secondformal /polite⁵	third		first	second	secondformal /polite⁵	third
		singular					plural
		first	second	m or f	m	f	first	second	m or f	m	f
nominative		io	tu	Lei,Ella⁸	lui,egli⁸,ello⁸,elli^{3, 8},esso⁸	lei,ella⁸,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro	loro
elli^{3, 8},ellino^{4, 8},eglino^{4, 8},essi⁸	elle^{3, 8},elleno^{4, 8},esse⁸	io	tu	Lei,Ella⁸	lui,egli⁸,ello⁸,elli^{3, 8},esso⁸	lei,ella⁸,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro
atonic (clitic)¹¹	accusative /dative-reflexive	mi,m',-mi,me⁹	ti,t',-ti,te⁹	―	si⁶,s',-si,se⁹		ci,c',-ci,ce⁹	vi,Vi⁷,v',V'⁷,-vi,-Vi⁷,ve⁹	―	si,s',-si,se⁹
	accusative			La,-La,L'	lo,l',-lo,il⁴	la,l',-la			Le,-Le	li,-li	le,-le
	dative			Le,-Le	glie⁹				Loro¹⁰	loro¹⁰,gli²,-gli²,glie⁹
	dative			Le,-Le	gli,-gli	le,-le,gli²,-gli²			Loro¹⁰
	locative	―			ci,c', vi¹,v'¹		―			ci,c', vi¹,v'¹
	partitive	ne,n'		ne,n'
tonic¹²	prepositional-reflexive	―			sé		―			sé
	oblique	me	te	Lei	lui,esso⁸	lei,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro	loro,
	oblique	me	te	Lei	lui,esso⁸	lei,essa⁸	noi	voi,Voi⁷	Loro	essi⁸	elle⁸,esse⁸
¹	Formal.
²	Informal.
³	Archaic.
⁴	Obsolete.
⁵	Grammatically third person forms used semantically in the second person as a formal or polite way of addressing someone (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
⁶	Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
⁷	Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with Frenchvous).
⁸	Traditional grammars still indicate the formsegli (animate),ello /ella (animate),esso /essa and their plurals as the nominative forms of the third person pronouns; outside of very formal or archaizing contexts, all such forms have been replaced by the obliqueslui,lei,loro.
⁹	Forms used when followed by a third-person direct object proclitic (lo,la,li,le, orne).
¹⁰	Used after verbs.
¹¹	Unstressed forms, stand alone forms are found proclitically (except dativeloro /Loro), others enclitically (-mi,-ti, etc.).
¹²	Disjunctive, emphatic oblique forms used as direct objects placed after verbs, in exclamations, along prepositions (prepositional) and some adverbs (come,quanto, etc.); also used witha to create alternative emphatic dative forms.