Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenettingby Pablo Hernandez.
In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colourby the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred[…].
Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.
There are many well-known playsby William Shakespeare
Indicates ameans of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.
I'd know you anywhereby your gravelly voice.
I avoided the guardsby moving only when they weren't looking.
By Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hypotenuse.
We wentby bus.
I discovered itby chance.
By 'maybe' she means 'no'.
The electricity was cut off, so we had to readby candlelight.
"I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppersby—except steal.[…]"
1945, Neva L. Boyd,Handbook of Recreational Games,Dover, published1975,→ISBN,page16:
Players: Can we get thereby candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.
'By my soul! I believe something bad has happened me,' he muttered, and popped up his window, and looked out, half dreaming over the church-yard on the park beyond[…]
Indicates a means of classification or organisation.
I sorted the itemsby category.
Table 1 shows details of our employees broken downby sex and age.
Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy
Our stock is upby ten percent.
We wonby six goals to three.
His date of birth was wrongby ten years.
In the formulaeX by X andby Xs, indicates a steady progression, oneX after another.
We went through the book pageby page.
We crawled forwardby inches.
(with the) Acted on inunits of the specified size or measure.(Sometimes hyperbolically)
soldby the yard;cheaper if boughtby the gross
While sitting listening to the radioby the hour, she can drink brandyby the bucketful!
The pickers are paidby the fortnightby the American bushel.
Indicates a referenced source: According to.
He cheatedby his own admission.
By my reckoning, we should be nearly there.
1722, William Wollaston, “Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.”, inThe Religion of Nature Delineated[1], page81:
Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions ofletterd andphiloſophical men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each otherby their own tenents ; whenboth of them cannot be in the right, and it is well ifeither of them are.
Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.
It is easy to invert a 2-by-2 matrix.
The room was about 4 footby 6 foot.
The bricks used to build the wall measured 10by 20by30 cm.
Turkish:-e(tr)(quantity of the first dimension in thedative)
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
In formal language, it is used for thethird person singular and plural, and in thesecond person singular together with reflexive pronoun formsses orsis (which effectively take the final -s frombys):
Zahrálbysis jednu hru? ―Would you [like to] play one game?
In colloquial Czech,by is commonly used in place of other conditional forms ofbýt in both singular and plural if the subject is deducible from context (from the conjugated form of the verb). That is,by is a shared clipped form ofbych,bys,bychom andbyste.
And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformedbi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”
1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors,Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][4],Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages9, 31:
Grzeszni... godzi,bi vlapil vbogego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)
[Grzeszny... godzi,by ułapił ubogiego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)]
1887, 1889 [1395], Józef Lekszycki, editor,Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number1773,Pyzdry;Gniezno;Kościan:
[Pamiętaj, tobie wielę,by czcił święto i niedzielę]
1861 [1398],Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi[5], volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page34:
Micolay prosil prze bok,by mu othpustil przisi[an]gą
[Mikołaj prosił prze Bog,by mu otpuścił przysi[ę]gę]
1892 [1484], Hieronim Łopaciński, editor,Reguła trzeciego zakonu św. Franciszka i drobniejsze zabytki języka polskiego z końca w. XV i początku XVI[6],Krakow, page721:
Nye chczemy,by tho zgromadzenye navyedzal... kthory lagyk (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)
[Nie chcemy,by to zgromadzenie nawiedzał... ktory lajik (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)]
1902 [1405], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor,Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego[8], volume 6,Poznań,Pyzdry,Kościan,Gniezno, page272:
Roman Ianoui ne slubowal,bi mu szø gwalth ne sstal w gego domu
[Roman Janowi nie ślubował,by mu się gwałt nie sstał w jego domu]
1888 [1401], Romuald Hube, editor,Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV[9],Greater Poland, page109:
Sczepan zalowal,bi Przibkowa dzewka mu pancz grziwen wcradla
[Szczepan żałował,by Przybkowa dziewka mu pięć grzywien ukradła]
1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century],Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności[10],[11],[12], volume XXII, page235:
Boymisch syą,bichom pichą krolewstwa nyebyeskyego ny straczily
[Bojmyż się,bychom pychą krolewstwa niebieskiego ni stracili]
Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali; a kiedy przyszedł a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom,by jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić
[Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali. A kiedy przyszedł, a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom,by jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić]
(attested in Lesser Poland)introduces an unreal conditional clause;if
1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors,Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][15],Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages93, 17:
Boby bog ne podpomogl me, przes mala przebiwalabi bila w pekle dusza moia (nisi quia dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)
[Boby Bog nie podpomogł mie, przez mała przebywałaby była w piekle dusza moja (nisi quia Dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)]
(Pothkomorze wszącz ma)... dwa rydla a nye wyączey,by tesz dwye alybo trzy dzedzyny myedzy dwyema granyczyl (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)
[(Podkomorze wziąć ma)... dwa rydla, a nie więcej,by też dwie alibo trzy dziedziny miedzy dwiema graniczył (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)]
1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors,Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][16],Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages27, 1:
Bosze moy, ne milczy ote mne,bi negdi ne milczal ote mne (deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)
[Boże moj, nie milczy ote mnie,by niegdy nie milczał ote mnie (Deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)]
Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “by”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie,→ISBN
Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965), “by”, inJan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors,Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “by”, inEtymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
B. Sieradzka-Baziur,Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “by”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
According toSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990),by is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 20 times in scientific texts, 5 times in news, 64 times in essays, 88 times in fiction, and 172 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 349 times, making it the 144th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
^Ida Kurcz (1990), “by”, inSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page39
“BY”, inElektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 19 September 2022
Izydor Kopernicki (1875), “by”, in “Spostrzeżenia nad właściwościami językowémi w mowie Górali Bieskidowych z dodatkiem słowniczka wyrazów góralskich”, inRozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (I), volume 3, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page368
“by”, inSlovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak),https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk,2003–2025
Seestan for some usage examples that also apply to villages (though without any special idiomatic contracted form, and "på byn" sounds more dialectal or rustic).
Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867
![[3]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fmackenzie.up.n.seesaa.net%2fmackenzie%2fimage%2fzetubo5-3.jpg){kind=link}