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brother

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Brotherandbroþer

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Alternative forms

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Etymology

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PIE word
*bʰréh₂tēr

Inherited fromMiddle Englishbroder,brodir,brother,brothir,broþer,broðer, fromOld Englishbrōþor,brōþur,brōðer,brōður, fromProto-West Germanic*brōþer, fromProto-Germanic*brōþēr(“brother”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰréh₂tēr(“brother”).Doublet ofbhai,bru,frater,friar,pal, andvai.

Cognates

Cognate withScotsbreeder,bridder,brither,broder,brother,bruther(“brother”),Yolabrover,brower(“brother”),North Frisianbrouder,bruler,Bröđer(“brother”),Saterland FrisianBrour,Brúur(“brother”),West Frisianbroer(“brother”),Alemannic Germanbriöder,bruder,brueder,bröder,Brüeder,Brüädär(“brother”),Bavarianpruadar,prueder,pruider(“brother”),Central FranconianBroder(“brother”),Cimbrianpruadar,pruudar(“brother”),Dutchbroeder,broer(“brother”),GermanBruder(“brother”),German Low GermanBroor(“brother”),Limburgishbroor,Broër(“brother”),LuxembourgishBrudder(“brother; monk”),Mòchenopruader(“brother”),Vilamovianbrüder(“brother”),Yiddishברודער(bruder,“brother”),Danish,Norwegian Bokmål,Norwegian Nynorsk, andSwedishbroder,bror(“brother”),Elfdalianbruoðer(“brother”),Faroese andIcelandicbróðir(“brother”),Crimean Gothicbruder(“brother”),Gothic𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂(brōþar,“brother”); alsoBretonbreur(“brother”),Cornishbroder(“brother”),Irishbráthair(“brother”),Manxbraar(“brother; friar, monk”),Scottish Gaelicbràthair(“brother”),Welshbrawd(“brother”),Latinfrāter(“brother; sibling”),Ancient Greekβρά(brá,“brother”),φρᾱ́τηρ(phrā́tēr,“brother, citizen, clansman, kinsman”),Phrygianβρατερε(bratere,“brother”),Lydian𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳(prafršiš,“brother”),Latgalianbruoļs(“brother”),Latvianbrālis(“brother”),Lithuanianbrólis(“brother”),Old Prussianbrāti,brote(“brother”),Belarusian,Bulgarian,Macedonian,Russian, andUkrainianбрат(brat,“brother”),Czechbratr(“brother”),Polish,Slovak, andSlovenebrat(“brother”),Serbo-Croatianбра̏т,brȁt(“brother; buddy, mate”),Armenianապեր(aper),ախպար(axpar),ախպեր(axper),եղբայր(eġbayr,“brother; buddy”),Baluchiبرات(barát,“brother”),Central Kurdish andSouthern Kurdishبرا(bra,“brother”),Northern Kurdishbira(“as a brother”),Ossetianӕрвад(ærvad),ӕрвадӕ(ærvadæ,“brother”),Pashtoورور(wror,“brother”),Persianبرادر(barādar, birādar / barâdar),برار(birār / berâr),وردار(vardâr,“brother; comrade; dude”),Ashkunbřa(“younger brother”),Kamkata-viribřo(“brother”),Tregamibrā(“brother”),Waigalibrā,břā(“brother”),Tocharian Apracar(“brother”),Tocharian Bprocer(“brother”),Sanskritभ्रातृ(bhrātṛ,“brother; friend”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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brother (pluralbrothersor(archaic in most senses)brethren)

  2. Son of the same parents as another person.
    • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter X, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      It was a joy to snatch some brief respite, and find himself in the rectory drawing–room. Listening here was as pleasant as talking; just to watch was pleasant. The young priests who lived here wore cassocks and birettas; their faces were fine and mild, yet really strong, like the rector's face; and in their intercourse with him and his wife they seemed to bebrothers.
  3. A male having at least oneparent in common with another person (seehalf-brother,stepbrother).
  4. A male fellow member of areligious community,church, trades union etc.
    • 1975,New King James Version, Deuteronomy 23:19
      You shall not charge interest to yourbrother—interest on moneyor foodor anything that is lent out at interest.
    Thank you,brother.
    I would like to thank thebrother who just spoke.
  6. (informal)A form of address to a man.
    Hyponym:my brother in Christ
    Brother, can you spare a dime?
    Listen,brother, I don't know what you want, but I’m not interested.
  7. (African-American Vernacular) A fellowblack man.
    • 1987,Eddie Murphy Raw, spoken by Eddie Murphy:
      [Michael Jackson] went on television and said, “I don't have sex because of my religious beliefs”, and the public believed it. I knowbrothers was like “get the fuck out of here!”. And white people, “Michael's a special kinda guy!”
    • 1991 January,SPIN, volume 6, number10, page58:
      SPIN: Aren't you both as popular with white people as black people?
      L.L.: Oh, no question. But I've always said, that's why when people say, "L.L., hey, like, on the last album, you sold out," I say, "Yo, can I ask you a question, Mike Tyson sell out?" "No, he's abrother." I say, he's a cross-over artist. He went pop. You know what I'm saying? I mean, the rap audience [...] they have to understand that their music is for all people. Me personally, I don't think it's about being black or white,[…]
    • 2006, Noire[pseudonym],Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.:One World,Ballantine Books,→ISBN,page148:
      The white cop grilled me. He was tall, but had a stomach like a pregnant woman. The other two werebrothers, and they looked like they just didn't wanna be standing there.
    • 2013, Gwyneth Bolton,Ready for Love:
      But damn if they knew when to just leave abrother alone and let him sulk in silence.
  8. Somebody, usually male, connected by a common cause, situation, or affection.
    • 1963, Martin Luther King Jr.,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
      The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our whitebrothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny.
    • 2016, William Burkholder,The City of My Brothers:
      O, then! To ride upon such glories, Till my time comes nigh, And commune in the city of peaceful slumbers Among mybrothers of wind-blown rye.
  9. Someone who is apeer, whether male or female.
    • 1943 November –1944 February (date written; published1945 August 17),George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair],Animal Farm […], London:Secker & Warburg, publishedMay 1962,→OCLC:
      And, above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are allbrothers.
  10. (poetic) Someone who is akinsman or shares the samepatriarch.
    • 1995, Theophus H. Smith,Conjuring Culture, page89:
      The eighteenth century text, with its antislavery message and its Adamic figuration, calls implicily for the reconciliation of all peoples as "brothers" (not the reprehensible brothers of Joseph but the cocreatedbrothers of Adam).
    • 1908 June, Grace Kellogg, “A Keeper of the Door”, inNational Magazine, volume28, page280:
      Oh, myBrothers, five nights ago many of our braves were out upon the buffalo grounds.
    • 2010, Justin B. Richland, Sarah Deer,Introduction to Tribal Legal Studies, page193:
      In the case of the boy, a certain amount of instruction comes from the male members of the mother's clan, such as how to go after game, how to handle horses, how to dress, how to conduct yourself and what to seek in life. They also teach the boy how to treat domestic animals. Even pets understand kindness, and the clanbrothers use that as an example.
    • 2020, Xiao Xiao Ma Jia Hao,Three Kingdoms: Super Hegemon:
      The carriage that thebrothers of the Kai clan rode on had travelled a lot these past few days, and the horses that pulled the carriage were exhausted.

Usage notes

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  • The plural “brethren” (cf. “sistren”, “sistern”) is not used for biological brothers in contemporary English (although it was in older usage). It still finds use, however, in the meaning of “members of a religious order”. It is also sometimes used in other figurative senses, e.g. “adherents of the same religion”, “countrymen”, and the like.

Hypernyms

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Coordinate terms

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  • (with regards to gender):sister

Derived terms

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(Abbreviations):bro,brah,bra,bruh,bruv,bruvver

single words
Compound words and expressions

Related terms

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Descendants

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Translations

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Seebrother/translations § Noun.

Verb

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brother (third-person singular simple presentbrothers,present participlebrothering,simple past and past participlebrothered)

  1. (transitive) To treat as a brother.
    • 1819,Walter Scott,Ivanhoe:
      Seest thou not we are overreached, and that our proposed mode of communicating with our friends without has been disconcerted by this same motley gentleman thou art so fond tobrother?

Translations

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Seebrother/translations § Verb.

Interjection

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brother

  1. Expressing exasperation.
    We're being forced to work overtime? Oh,brother!

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Englishbrōþor, fromProto-West Germanic*brōþer, fromProto-Germanic*brōþēr, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰréh₂tēr.Doublet offrere. Forms with/d/ both represent a phonological development and analogy withfader(“father”),moder(“mother”).

Development of the plural

Plural forms with/eː/ are from late Old Englishbrēþre, with generalization of the mutated vowel from the Old English dative singularbrēþer by analogy with other nouns with mutation in both the dative singular and nominative/accusative plural such asfōt,tōþ (fot andtoth), perhaps reinforced by theOld Norse pluralbrǿðr. By the end of the Early Middle English period, the final-e of this form was either lost (brether), in conformance with both the consonantal pattern of the singular and a tendency for/(ə)lə/,/(ə)nə/,/(ə)rə/ to develop into/əl/,/ən/,/ər/, or replaced with-en (bretheren) as part of the spread of (nominative/accusative) plurals in-en at the expense of less salient-e. The same processes explain the supplanting of early Middle Englishbroþre,broðre (Old Englishbrōþra,brōþru) withbrother andbrotheren, thoughbrother may also continue the Old English null pluralbrōþor. Finally, the formsbrotheres andbretheres plainly represent adaptation to the regular plural in-es.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbroːðər/,/ˈbroːdər/

Noun

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brother (pluralbretheren orbrether orbrotheren, genitive singularbrother orbrotheres)

  1. Abrother orbrother-in-law; amale sibling.
    • c.1180,Orͬm, “[Dedication]”, inOrͬmulum (Bodleian MS. Junius 1),Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire,folio 3, recto; republished atOxford:Digital Bodleian, 10 January 2019:
      Nu broþerr Ƿallꞇ͛.broþerͬ min. Affꞇ͛ þe flæsheſſ kĩde⹎ ⁊ broþerͬ mın ı crıſſtenndom. Þurrh fulluhht⹎ ⁊ þurrh troꟕþe⹎ ⁊ broþerr mın ı ꟑodeſſ huſ[…]
      Now, Brother Walter, mybrother by blood relation and in Christendom, through baptism and faith, and my brother in God's house […]
  2. Ablood brother; acompanion in a two-memberloyaltypact.
  3. Anymalerelative orfamilymember.
  4. Acolleague orpeer(sometimes as aterm of address):
    1. Afellow(male)humanbeing.
    2. Amalefriend orcompanion.
    3. AmalefellowChristian(or othercoreligionist).
      • c.1395,John Wycliffe,John Purvey [et al.], transl.,Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎[1], publishedc.1410,Apocalips 1:9,folio 117, verso, column 2; republished asWycliffe's translation of the New Testament,Lichfield: Bill Endres,2010:
        I ioon ȝourebꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu
        I, John, yourbrother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.
    4. Amalefellowmember of aguild orreligiousorder.
    5. (rare) Amalefellowruler.
  5. Somethingsimilar orresemblant.

Usage notes

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  • The plural formbrotheres also occurs, though less commonly. Furthermore, one occasionally encountersbrother/brothere (especially in Early Middle English) andbretheres (especially in Late Middle English).

Declension

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Declension ofbrother
singularplural
(nominative/accusative)brotherbrotheren,brether(en)
genitivebrother,brotheresbrotheren,brether(en)
dative——

Related terms

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Descendants

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References

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Middle Scots

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited fromEarly Scotsbrothir, fromOld Englishbrōþor, fromProto-West Germanic*brōþer, fromProto-Germanic*brōþēr, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰréh₂tēr.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbrøːðər/,/ˈbrøːdər/

Noun

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brother (pluralbretherorbrethren)

  1. Abrother; amalesibling.
  2. Acolleague orcompanion.
  3. Afellowmember of anorganisation.

Descendants

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References

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Old Frisian

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*brōþer.

Noun

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brōther m

  1. brother

Descendants

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Portuguese

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishbrother.Doublet offrade,freire,frei,bro, andbrada.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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brother m (pluralbrothers)

  1. (slang)bro(close friend)
    Esse cara é o meubrother. ―That guy is mybro.

Derived terms

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Scots

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Noun

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brother

  1. alternative form ofbrither

References

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Spanish

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishbrother.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbɾodeɾ/[ˈbɾo.ð̞eɾ]
  • Rhymes:-odeɾ
  • Syllabification:bro‧ther

Noun

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brother m (pluralbrothers)

  1. (colloquial, US, Puerto Rico, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Spain)bro,dude,brother
    Synonyms:(vulgar)cabrón,mano

Further reading

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