Clipping ofTibetanབོད་སྐད་(bod skad).
bod
Clipping ofbody. The sense of “person” may alternatively derive fromScottish Gaelicbodach(“old man”) viaScots.[1]
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bod (pluralbods)
Inherited fromOld Czechbod, fromProto-Slavic*bodъ.
FromOld Danishbōð, fromOld East Norsebóð, fromProto-Germanic*bōþō(“building, dwelling”), cognate withOld West Norsebúð,Englishbooth,GermanBude.
bod c (singular definiteboden,plural indefiniteboder)
| common gender | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | bod | boden | boder | boderne |
| genitive | bods | bodens | boders | bodernes |
FromOld Norsebót, fromProto-Germanic*bōtō(“improvement, atonement”), cognate withSwedishbot,Englishboot,GermanBuße,Dutchboete.Doublet ofbøde.
bod c (singular definiteboden,not used in plural form)
Now especially in the phrasesgøre bod,råde bod på.
| common gender | singular | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | bod | boden |
| genitive | bods | bodens |
FromMiddle Dutchbot, fromOld Dutch*bot, fromProto-West Germanic*bod, fromProto-Germanic*budą.
bod n (pluralboden,diminutivebodje n)
bod
bod
FromMiddle Irishbot(“tail; penis”), fromProto-Celtic*buzdos(“tail, penis”) (cf.Welshboth(“hub”),Bretonbod(“bush, shrub”)), perhaps fromProto-Indo-European*gʷosdʰos(“piece of wood”). For the archaic sense, compareEnglishdick(“mean person, jerk, etc.”).
bod m (genitive singularboid,nominative pluralboid)
| |||||||||||||||
| radical | lenition | eclipsis |
|---|---|---|
| bod | bhod | mbod |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
FromOld West Norseboð, fromProto-Germanic*budą(“offer, message”), cognate withIcelandicboð,Dutchbod,GermanGebot.
bod n (definite singularbodet,indefinite pluralbod,definite pluralboda)
FromProto-West Germanic*bod. Cognate withOld Norseboð.
Stronga-stem:
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | bod | bodu |
| accusative | bod | bodu |
| genitive | bodes | boda |
| dative | bode | bodum |
Borrowed fromFrenchbaud, named after French telegraph engineer and inventor Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot.
FromMiddle Irishbot(“tail; penis”), fromProto-Celtic*buzdos(“tail, penis”), perhaps fromProto-Indo-European*gʷosdʰos(“piece of wood”).
bod m (genitive singularboid,pluralboid)
| radical | lenition |
|---|---|
| bod | bhod |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Inherited fromProto-Slavic*bodъ.
bȏd m inan (Cyrillic spellingбо̑д)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | bȏd | bódovi |
| genitive | boda | bodova |
| dative | bodu | bodovima |
| accusative | bod | bodove |
| vocative | bode | bodovi |
| locative | bodu | bodovima |
| instrumental | bodom | bodovima |
bȏd m inan (Cyrillic spellingбо̑д)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | bȏd | bódovi |
| genitive | boda | bodova |
| dative | bodu | bodovima |
| accusative | bod | bodove |
| vocative | bode | bodovi |
| locative | bodu | bodovima |
| instrumental | bodom | bodovima |
FromOld Swedishboþ, fromOld Norsebóð (Compare Old West Norsebúð), fromProto-Germanic*bōþō(“dwelling”).
bod c
| nominative | genitive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | indefinite | bod | bods |
| definite | boden | bodens | |
| plural | indefinite | bodar | bodars |
| definite | bodarna | bodarnas |
Borrowed fromGermanBrot,Englishbread andDutchbrood.
bod (nominative pluralbods)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | bod | bods |
| genitive | boda | bodas |
| dative | bode | bodes |
| accusative | bodi | bodis |
| vocative1 | obod! | obods! |
| predicative2 | bodu | bodus |
1 status as a case is disputed
2 in later, non-classical Volapük only
FromMiddle Welshbot, fromProto-Brythonic*bod, fromProto-Celtic*butā (cf.Cornishbos,Bretonbout), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰuH-(“to be, become”); all theb- initial forms are from the same root. The vowel-initial forms as well assy(dd) are fromProto-Indo-European*h₁es-(“to be”).
The present-progressive forms withyd- (ydwyf, etc.), and hence the colloquial present-affirmative forms withd- (dw, etc.), are from the affirmative particleyd.[1] Colloquial affirmative forms withr- (rwyt,roeddwn, etc.) are from the affirmative particleyr. Colloquial negative forms withd- (dydw,does,doeddwn, etc.) are from the negative particlenid.
The third-person singular presentmae originally meant ‘here is’ and is from the same source asyma(“here”) plusProto-Celtic*esti. The third-person pluralmaent (colloquialmaen) is derived from the singular by adding the third-person plural verb ending-nt.
Counterfactual forms such aspetaswn andtaswn are from univerbation withpe(“if”) +yd(affirmative particle).[2]
bod (first-person singular presentwyf)
| inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| present | affirmative | dw i,dwi,rw i,rwy,w i | rwyt ti | mae e/o/hi,ma' fe; ydy,yw; sy | dyn ni,dan ni,ŷn ni | dach chi,ych chi,dych chi | maen nhw |
| negative | dydw i ddim,dw i ddim,w i ddim,sa i | dwyt ti ddim,ti ddim,so ti | dydy e/o/hi ddim,tydy o/hi ddim,dyw e/hi ddim,so fe/hi; doesdim; sy ddim | dyn ni ddim,dydyn ni ddim,dan ni ddim,dydan ni ddim,ŷn ni ddim,so ni | dydych chi ddim,dach chi ddim,dydach chi ddim,ych chi ddim,chi ddim,so chi | dydyn nhw ddim,ŷn nhw ddim,so nhw | |
| interrogative | ydw i | wyt ti | ydy e/o/hi,yw e/hi; oes; sy | ydan ni,ŷn ni | ydych chi,dach chi,ydach chi,ych chi | ydyn nhw,ŷn nhw | |
| imperfect | affirmative | roeddwn i,o’n i | roeddet ti,o’t ti | roedd e/o/hi,oedd e/o/hi,o’dd e/o/hi | roedden ni,o’n ni | roeddech chi,o’ch chi | roedden nhw,o’n nhw |
| negative | doeddwn i ddim,o’n i ddim,do’n i ddim | doeddet ti ddim,o’t ti ddim,do’t ti ddim | doedd e/o/hi ddim,oedd e/o/hi ddim,o’dd e/o/hi ddim,do’dd e/o/hi ddim | doedden ni ddim,o’n ni ddim,do’n ni ddim | doeddech chi ddim,o’ch chi ddim,do’ch chi ddim | doedden nhw ddim,o’n nhw ddim,do’n nhw ddim | |
| interrogative | oeddwn i,o’n i | oeddet ti,o’t ti | oedd e/o/hi,oedd e/o/hi,o’dd e/o/hi | oedden ni,o’n ni | oeddech chi,o’ch chi | oedden nhw,o’n nhw | |
| preterite | bues i | buest ti | buodd e/o/hi; bu | buon ni | buoch chi | buon nhw | |
| future | bydda i,’dda i | byddi di | bydd e/o/hi | byddwn ni | byddwch chi | byddan nhw | |
| conditional | byddwn i; baswn i,swn i | byddet ti; baset ti,set ti | byddai fe/fo/hi; basai fe/fo/hi,sa fo/hi,se fe/hi | bydden ni; basen ni,sen ni | byddech chi; basech chi,sech chi | bydden nhw; basen nhw,sen nhw | |
| counterfactual cond. forms used after optionalpe | taswn i,bawn i,tawn i | taset ti,baet ti,taet ti | tasai fe/fo/hi,bai fe/fo/hi,tai fe/fo/hi | tasen ni,baen ni,taen ni | tasech chi,baech chi,taech chi | tasen nhw,baen nhw,taen nhw | |
| imperative | — | bydd,bydda | — | — | byddwch | — | |
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
|---|---|---|---|
| bod | fod | mod | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
