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bitter

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishbitter,bittre, fromOld Englishbitter,biter(bitter), fromProto-West Germanic*bitr, fromProto-Germanic*bitraz(bitter), equivalent tobite +‎-er(agent noun suffix) used attributively. Cognate withSaterland Frisianbitter,West Frisianbitter,Low Germanbitter,Dutchbitter,Germanbitter,Swedishbitter,Icelandicbitur (all meaning “bitter”).

Adjective

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bitter (comparativemorebitterorbitterer,superlativemostbitterorbitterest)

  1. Having anacridtaste (usually from abasic substance).
    The coffee tastedbitter.
    • 1907 August,Robert W[illiam] Chambers, chapter III, inThe Younger Set, New York, N.Y.:D. Appleton & Company,→OCLC:
      Long after his cigar burntbitter, he sat with eyes fixed on the blaze. When the flames at last began to flicker and subside, his lids fluttered, then drooped; but he had lost all reckoning of time when he opened them again to find Miss Erroll in furs and ball-gown kneeling on the hearth [].
    • 2018 May 16, Adam Rogers, “The Fundamental Nihilism of Yanny vs. Laurel”, inWired:
      A few types of molecules get sensed by receptors on the tongue. Protons coming off ofacids ping receptors for "sour."Sugars get received as "sweet."Bitter,salty, and theproteinaceous flavorumami all set off their own neural cascades.
  2. Harsh,piercing,acerbic orstinging.
    • 1999,Neil Gaiman,Stardust, p.31 (Perennial paperback edition)
      It was at the end of February, [] when the world was cold, and abitter wind howled down the moors [].
  3. Hateful orhostile.
    They'rebitter enemies.
    • 2022 October 1, Phil McNulty, “Arsenal 3-1 Tottenham: Gunners show identity & direction in outstanding derby win”, inBBC Sport[1]:
      Tottenham have not won in the Premier League at Emirates Stadium for 12 years, with Arsenal losing just one of their last 29 home league games against theirbitter rivals.
    • 1749,Henry Fielding,The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume(please specify |volume=I to VI), London:A[ndrew] Millar, [],→OCLC:
      He inveighed against the folly of making oneself liable for the debts of others; vented manybitter execrations against the brother; and concluded with wishing something could be done for the unfortunate family.
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, [] (King James Version), London: [] Robert Barker, [],→OCLC,Colossians3:19:
      Husbands, love your wives, and be notbitter against them.
  4. Cynical andresentful.
    I've beenbitter ever since that defeat.
Usage notes
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  • The one-word compared formsbitterer,bitterest are less common than their two-word counterpartsmore bitter andmost bitter.
Synonyms
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Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) ofcynical and resentful):optimistic
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Translations
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having an acrid taste
harsh, piercing or stinging
hateful or hostile
cynical and resentful
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked
See also
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Noun

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bitter (countable anduncountable,pluralbitters)

  1. (usually in the pluralbitters) A liquid or powder, made from bitter herbs, used in mixed drinks or as a tonic.
    • 1773, Oliver Goldsmith,She Stoops to Conquer:
      Thus I begin: "All is not gold that glitters,
      "Pleasure seems sweet, but proves a glass ofbitters.
  2. A type ofbeer heavily flavored withhops.
  3. (nautical) Aturn of acable about thebitts.
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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liquid or powder used in mixed drinks or as tonic
type of beer
See also
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Basic tastes in English(layout ·text)
sweetsoursaltybitterspicysavory

Verb

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bitter (third-person singular simple presentbitters,present participlebittering,simple past and past participlebittered)

  1. To make bitter.
    • 1766, John Wilkinson,Tutamen Nauticum:
      bittered with the hop
Translations
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to make bitter

Etymology 2

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Frombit +‎-er.

Noun

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bitter (pluralbitters)

  1. (computing, informal, in combination) Ahardwaresystem whosearchitecture is based around units of the specified number ofbits(binary digits).
    • 1983,Computerworld, volume17, number49, page21:
      However, 16-bitters are far more expensive than the 8-bit variety. And, unfortunately, have only a handful of business applications software packages that really take advantage of them.
    • 1984,Electronic Business, volume10, page154:
      The company believes that the 32-bit market will almost equal that of 16-bitters by the end of the decade. Chip maker Zilog Inc., not a major player in the 16-bit arena, is even more bullish about 32-bitters as it readies its own version for market.

Afrikaans

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Etymology

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FromDutchbitter, fromMiddle Dutchbitter, fromOld Dutchbitter, fromProto-West Germanic*bitr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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bitter (attributivebitterorbittere,comparativebitterder,superlativebitterste)

  1. bitter (having an acrid taste)
  2. very

See also

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Basic tastes in Afrikaans ·smake(layout ·text)
soetsuursoutbitterskerp-

Danish

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Etymology 1

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Borrowed fromMiddle Low Germanbitter.

Adjective

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bitter

  1. bitter (all meanings)
Inflection
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Inflection ofbitter
positivecomparativesuperlative
indefinite common singularbitterbitrerebitrest2
indefinite neuter singularbittertbitrerebitrest2
pluralbitrebitrerebitrest2
definite attributive1bitrebitrerebitreste

1 When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
2 The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Related terms
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Noun

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bitter c (singular definitebitteren,plural indefinitebittere)

  1. bitter(the liquid used in drinks)
  2. A bitter form of anaquavit
Inflection
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Declension ofbitter
common
gender
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebitterbitterenbitterebitterne
genitivebittersbitterensbitteresbitternes

Etymology 2

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Borrowed fromEnglishbitter.

Noun

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bitter c

  1. bitter(type of beer - only known generally in Denmark for a few years)

Dutch

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Dutchbitter, fromOld Dutchbitter, fromProto-West Germanic*bitr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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bitter (comparativebitterder,superlativebitterst)

  1. bitter (having an acrid taste)
  2. bitter,embittered

Declension

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Declension ofbitter
uninflectedbitter
inflectedbittere
comparativebitterder
positivecomparativesuperlative
predicative/adverbialbitterbitterderhetbitterst
hetbitterste
indefinitem./f. sing.bitterebitterderebitterste
n. sing.bitterbitterderbitterste
pluralbitterebitterderebitterste
definitebitterebitterderebitterste
partitivebittersbitterders

Derived terms

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Descendants

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See also

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Noun

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bitter m orn (pluralbitters,diminutivebittertje n)

  1. bitters, a type of strongspirits made bysteeping (often bitter)herbs inbrandy orjenever, traditionally considered adigestive drink
    Synonym:kruidenbitter
    Zonder zijn gebruikelijkebittertje om vier uur voelde Opa zich niet lekker.Without his regularshot ofbitter at four o'clock, Grandpa wouldn't feel well.

Usage notes

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When used in a countable sense (a serving ofbitter), the diminutive is the usual form.

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Further reading

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Finnish

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Etymology

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FromEnglishbitter.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈbiter/,[ˈbit̪e̞r]
  • IPA(key): /ˈbitːer/,[ˈbit̪ːe̞r]
  • Rhymes:-itːer
  • Hyphenation(key):bit‧ter

Noun

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bitter

  1. bitter(type of beer)

Declension

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Inflection ofbitter (Kotus type 6/paperi, no gradation)
nominativebitterbitterit
genitivebitterinbitterien
bittereiden
bittereitten
partitivebitteriäbittereitä
bitterejä
illativebitteriinbittereihin
singularplural
nominativebitterbitterit
accusativenom.bitterbitterit
gen.bitterin
genitivebitterinbitterien
bittereiden
bittereitten
partitivebitteriäbittereitä
bitterejä
inessivebitterissäbittereissä
elativebitteristäbittereistä
illativebitteriinbittereihin
adessivebitterilläbittereillä
ablativebitteriltäbittereiltä
allativebitterillebittereille
essivebitterinäbittereinä
translativebitteriksibittereiksi
abessivebitterittäbittereittä
instructivebitterein
comitativeSee the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms ofbitter(Kotus type 6/paperi, no gradation)
third-person possessor
singularplural
nominativebitterinsäbitterinsä
accusativenom.bitterinsäbitterinsä
gen.bitterinsä
genitivebitterinsäbitteriensä
bittereidensä
bittereittensä
partitivebitteriään
bitteriänsä
bittereitään
bitterejään
bittereitänsä
bitterejänsä
inessivebitterissään
bitterissänsä
bittereissään
bittereissänsä
elativebitteristään
bitteristänsä
bittereistään
bittereistänsä
illativebitteriinsäbittereihinsä
adessivebitterillään
bitterillänsä
bittereillään
bittereillänsä
ablativebitteriltään
bitteriltänsä
bittereiltään
bittereiltänsä
allativebitterilleen
bitterillensä
bittereilleen
bittereillensä
essivebitterinään
bitterinänsä
bittereinään
bittereinänsä
translativebitterikseen
bitteriksensä
bittereikseen
bittereiksensä
abessivebitterittään
bitterittänsä
bittereittään
bittereittänsä
instructive
comitativebittereineen
bittereinensä

Further reading

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French

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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bitter

  1. (transitive, slang) tounderstand, usually used in negative form and especially withrien
    Synonym:comprendre
    J’ai rienbitté au cours.
    I got nothing of the class

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofbitter(see alsoAppendix:French verbs)
infinitivesimplebitter
compoundavoir + past participle
present participle orgerund1simplebittant
/bi.tɑ̃/
compoundayant + past participle
past participlebitté
/bi.te/
singularplural
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicativeje (j’)tuil, elle, onnousvousils, elles
(simple
tenses)
presentbitte
/bit/
bittes
/bit/
bitte
/bit/
bittons
/bi.tɔ̃/
bittez
/bi.te/
bittent
/bit/
imperfectbittais
/bi.tɛ/
bittais
/bi.tɛ/
bittait
/bi.tɛ/
bittions
/bi.tjɔ̃/
bittiez
/bi.tje/
bittaient
/bi.tɛ/
past historic2bittai
/bi.te/
bittas
/bi.ta/
bitta
/bi.ta/
bittâmes
/bi.tam/
bittâtes
/bi.tat/
bittèrent
/bi.tɛʁ/
futurebitterai
/bi.tʁe/
bitteras
/bi.tʁa/
bittera
/bi.tʁa/
bitterons
/bi.tʁɔ̃/
bitterez
/bi.tʁe/
bitteront
/bi.tʁɔ̃/
conditionalbitterais
/bi.tʁɛ/
bitterais
/bi.tʁɛ/
bitterait
/bi.tʁɛ/
bitterions
/bi.tə.ʁjɔ̃/
bitteriez
/bi.tə.ʁje/
bitteraient
/bi.tʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)
present perfectpresent indicative ofavoir + past participle
pluperfectimperfect indicative ofavoir + past participle
past anterior2past historic ofavoir + past participle
future perfectfuture ofavoir + past participle
conditional perfectconditional ofavoir + past participle
subjunctiveque je (j’)que tuqu’il, qu’elleque nousque vousqu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)
presentbitte
/bit/
bittes
/bit/
bitte
/bit/
bittions
/bi.tjɔ̃/
bittiez
/bi.tje/
bittent
/bit/
imperfect2bittasse
/bi.tas/
bittasses
/bi.tas/
bittât
/bi.ta/
bittassions
/bi.ta.sjɔ̃/
bittassiez
/bi.ta.sje/
bittassent
/bi.tas/
(compound
tenses)
pastpresent subjunctive ofavoir + past participle
pluperfect2imperfect subjunctive ofavoir + past participle
imperativetunousvous
simplebitte
/bit/
bittons
/bi.tɔ̃/
bittez
/bi.te/
compoundsimple imperative ofavoir + past participlesimple imperative ofavoir + past participlesimple imperative ofavoir + past participle
1 The French gerund is usable only with the prepositionen.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
past historic → present perfect
past anterior → pluperfect
imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995],Master the Basics: French, pp.77,78,79,81).

Further reading

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German

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Etymology

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FromMiddle High Germanbitter,pitter, fromOld High Germanbittar, fromProto-West Germanic*bitr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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The templateTemplate:rfc does not use the parameter(s):
entry lacks contracted forms like ''bittren=bitteren, bittrer = bitterer, bittrere = bitterere''
Please seeModule:checkparams for help with this warning.

A user suggests that this German entry be cleaned up.
Please see the discussion onRequests for cleanup(+) or thetalk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

bitter (strong nominative masculine singularbitterer,comparativebitterer,superlativeambittersten)

  1. bitter

Declension

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Positive forms ofbitter
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuter
predicativeeristbittersieistbitteresistbittersiesindbitter
strong declension
(without article)
nominativebittererbitterebitteresbittere
genitivebitterenbittererbitterenbitterer
dativebitterembittererbitterembitteren
accusativebitterenbitterebitteresbittere
weak declension
(with definite article)
nominativederbitterediebitteredasbitterediebitteren
genitivedesbitterenderbitterendesbitterenderbitteren
dativedembitterenderbitterendembitterendenbitteren
accusativedenbitterendiebitteredasbitterediebitteren
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)
nominativeeinbitterereinebittereeinbitteres(keine)bitteren
genitiveeinesbittereneinerbittereneinesbitteren(keiner)bitteren
dativeeinembittereneinerbittereneinembitteren(keinen)bitteren
accusativeeinenbittereneinebittereeinbitteres(keine)bitteren
Comparative forms ofbitter
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuter
predicativeeristbitterersieistbittereresistbitterersiesindbitterer
strong declension
(without article)
nominativebitterererbittererebittereresbitterere
genitivebittererenbitterererbittererenbittererer
dativebittererembitterererbittererembittereren
accusativebittererenbittererebittereresbitterere
weak declension
(with definite article)
nominativederbittererediebittereredasbittererediebittereren
genitivedesbittererenderbittererendesbittererenderbittereren
dativedembittererenderbittererendembittererendenbittereren
accusativedenbittererendiebittereredasbittererediebittereren
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)
nominativeeinbittererereinebitterereeinbittereres(keine)bittereren
genitiveeinesbitterereneinerbitterereneinesbittereren(keiner)bittereren
dativeeinembitterereneinerbitterereneinembittereren(keinen)bittereren
accusativeeinenbitterereneinebitterereeinbittereres(keine)bittereren
Superlative forms ofbitter
number & gendersingularplural
masculinefeminineneuter
predicativeeristambitterstensieistambitterstenesistambitterstensiesindambittersten
strong declension
(without article)
nominativebittersterbitterstebitterstesbitterste
genitivebitterstenbittersterbitterstenbitterster
dativebitterstembittersterbitterstembittersten
accusativebitterstenbitterstebitterstesbitterste
weak declension
(with definite article)
nominativederbitterstediebitterstedasbitterstediebittersten
genitivedesbitterstenderbitterstendesbitterstenderbittersten
dativedembitterstenderbitterstendembitterstendenbittersten
accusativedenbitterstendiebitterstedasbitterstediebittersten
mixed declension
(with indefinite article)
nominativeeinbitterstereinebittersteeinbitterstes(keine)bittersten
genitiveeinesbittersteneinerbittersteneinesbittersten(keiner)bittersten
dativeeinembittersteneinerbittersteneinembittersten(keinen)bittersten
accusativeeinenbittersteneinebittersteeinbitterstes(keine)bittersten

Coordinate terms

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Derived terms

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See also

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Basic tastes in German(layout ·text)
süßsauersalzigbitterscharfherzhaft

Adverb

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bitter

  1. bitterly
    Synonym:verbittert

Further reading

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Italian

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Etymology

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Pseudo-anglicism, a clipping ofEnglishbitters.

Noun

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bitter m (invariable)

  1. bitters

Middle Dutch

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Etymology

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FromOld Dutchbitter, fromProto-West Germanic*bitr.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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bitter

  1. bitter(taste)
  2. sad,painful

Inflection

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This adjective needs aninflection-table template.

Descendants

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Further reading

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Low Germanbitter andOld Norsebitr.

Adjective

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bitter (neuter singularbittert,definite singular and pluralbitre,comparativebitrere,indefinite superlativebitrest,definite superlativebitreste)

  1. bitter

Derived terms

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References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Low Germanbitter andOld Norsebitr.

Adjective

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bitter (neuter singularbittert,definite singular and pluralbitre,comparativebitrare,indefinite superlativebitrast,definite superlativebitraste)

  1. bitter

References

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Old Dutch

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*bitr, fromProto-Germanic*bitraz.

Adjective

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bitter

  1. bitter

Inflection

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Declension ofbitter (a-stem)
strong declension
casemasculinefeminineneuterplural
nominativebitterbitterbitterbittera,bittere
accusativebitteran,bitterenbitterabitterbittera,bittere
genitivebitteresbittererobitteresbitterero
dativebitterin,bitteremobittererobitterin,bitteremobitteron
weak declension
casemasculinefeminineneuterplural
nominativebitterobitterabitterabitteron
accusativebitteronbitteronbitterabitteron
genitivebitterinbitteronbitterinbitterono
dativebitterinbitteronbitterinbitteron

Descendants

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Further reading

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  • bitter”, inOudnederlands Woordenboek,2012

Old English

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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bitter

  1. Alternative form ofbiter

Declension

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Declension ofbitter — Strong
SingularMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominativebitterbitteru,bitru,bittero,bitrobitter
Accusativebitternebittere,bitrebitter
Genitivebitteres,bitresbitterrebitteres,bitres
Dativebitterum,bitrumbitterrebitterum,bitrum
Instrumentalbittere,bitrebitterrebittere,bitre
PluralMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominativebittere,bitrebittera,bitra,bittere,bitrebitteru,bitru,bittero,bitro
Accusativebittere,bitrebittera,bitra,bittere,bitrebitteru,bitru,bittero,bitro
Genitivebitterrabitterrabitterra
Dativebitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrum
Instrumentalbitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrum
Declension ofbitter — Weak
SingularMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominativebittera,bitrabittere,bitrebittere,bitre
Accusativebitteran,bitranbitteran,bitranbittere,bitre
Genitivebitteran,bitranbitteran,bitranbitteran,bitran
Dativebitteran,bitranbitteran,bitranbitteran,bitran
Instrumentalbitteran,bitranbitteran,bitranbitteran,bitran
PluralMasculineFeminineNeuter
Nominativebitteran,bitranbitteran,bitranbitteran,bitran
Accusativebitteran,bitranbitteran,bitranbitteran,bitran
Genitivebitterra,bitterena,bitrenabitterra,bitterena,bitrenabitterra,bitterena,bitrena
Dativebitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrum
Instrumentalbitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrumbitterum,bitrum

Old High German

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Pronunciation

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Adjective

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bitter

  1. Alternative form ofbittar

References

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  • Joseph Wright,An Old High German Primer

Swedish

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Etymology

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FromOld Norsebitr (partly through the influence ofMiddle Low Germanbitter), fromProto-Germanic*bitraz.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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bitter (comparativebittrare,superlativebittrast)

  1. bitter; having anacrid taste
  2. bitter;hateful
  3. bitter;resentful

Declension

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Inflection ofbitter
Indefinitepositivecomparativesuperlative1
common singularbitterbittrarebittrast
neuter singularbittertbittrarebittrast
pluralbittrabittrarebittrast
masculine plural2bittrebittrarebittrast
Definitepositivecomparativesuperlative
masculine singular3bittrebittrarebittraste
allbittrabittrarebittraste

1 The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
2 Dated or archaic.
3 Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

See also

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References

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Anagrams

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Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=bitter&oldid=84144133"
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