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bee

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "bee"
Languages (24)
Translingual • English
Afar • Äiwoo • Aukan • Dumbea • Estonian • Finnish • Fula • Hadza • Hungarian • Latin • Mandinka • Manx • Middle English • Navajo • Old Irish • Romanian • San Juan Guelavía Zapotec • Saterland Frisian • Swahili • Tetum • Võro • Yola
Page categories

Translingual

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Symbol

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bee

  1. (international standards)ISO 639-3language code forByangsi.

See also

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English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European*bʰey-der.
Proto-Germanic*bijǭ
Proto-West Germanic*bijā
Old Englishbēo
Middle Englishbee
Englishbee
    Abee

    FromMiddle Englishbee, fromOld Englishbēo(“bee”), fromProto-West Germanic*bijā, fromProto-Germanic*bijǭ(“bee”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰey-(“bee”).

    Cognates

    Cognate withWest Frisianbij(“bee”),Dutchbij,by(“bee”),GermanBiene(“bee”),LimburgishBé,bie(“bee”),LuxembourgishBei(“bee”),Vilamovianbyn(“bee”),West Flemishbieë(“bee”),Yiddishבין(bin,“bee”),Danish,Swedishbi(“bee”),Faroesebýfluga(“bee”),Icelandicbý,býfluga(“bee”),Norwegian Bokmål,Norwegian Nynorskbie(“bee”).

    Noun

    [edit]

    bee (pluralbeesor(dialectal)been)

    2. Aflyinginsect, of thecladeAnthophila within thehymenopteran superfamilyApoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for collectingpollen and (in some species) producingwax andhoney.
      • 1499,John Skelton,The Bowge of Courte:
        His face was belymmed asbyes had him stounge […].
      • 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto XII”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC:
        An angry Wasp th'one in a viall had, / Th'other in hers an hony-ladenBee.
      • 1603,Michel de Montaigne, chapter 12, inJohn Florio, transl.,The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes forEdward Blount […],→OCLC:
        Can there be a more formall, and better ordered policie, divided into so severall charges and offices, more constantly entertained, and better maintained, than that ofBees?
      • 1610–1611 (date written),William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, andEd[ward] Blount, published1623,→OCLC,[Act V, scene i],page17:
        Ariell: / Where theBee ſucks, there ſuck I, / In a Cowslips bell, I lie, / There Icowch when Owles doe crie, / On the Batts backe I doe flie / after Sommer merrily. / Merrily, merrily, ſhall I liue now / Vnder the bloſſom that hangs on theBow.
      • 1657,Samuel Purchas, “The Excellency of Bees”, inA Theatre of Politicall Flying-Insects. […], London: […] R. I. for Thomas Parkhurst, […],→OCLC,page 1:
        Bees are the moſt excellent of all Inſects vvhatſoever, and expreſſe both vvorth and vvonder in all their vvaies:[…]
      • 1913,D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “chapter 12”, inSons and Lovers, London:Duckworth & Co. […],→OCLC:
        He stood across in the other garden, beside a bush of pale Michaelmas daisies, watching the lastbees crawl into the hive.
      • 2012 March 31, “Subtle poison”, inThe Economist:
        Bees pollinate many of the world’s crops—a service estimated to be worth $15 billion a year in America alone.
      • 2025 January 28, Jack Guy, “Tiny QR codes help scientists track bee movements”, inCNN‎[3]:
        New insights intobee movements and life cycles have been uncovered after researchers tracked the insects using tiny QR codes glued onto their backs.[…] “This suggests that most of the foraging that thebees do occurs very close to the hive,” study co-author Margarita López-Uribe, an associate professor of entomology at PSU, told CNN on Monday.
    3. (informal, proscribed) Any stinging flying insect, especially awasp.
    Synonyms
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    Hypernyms
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    Derived terms
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    Related terms
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    Translations
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    insect
    See also
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    extant orders of insects in English

    Etymology 2

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    Possibly from dialectalbene,been,bean(“help given by neighbours”), fromMiddle Englishbeen,bene(“neighbourly help, prayer, petition, request, extra service given by a tenant to his lord”),[1][2] fromOld Englishbēn(“prayer, request, petition, favour, compulsory service”), fromProto-West Germanic*bōni, fromProto-Germanic*bōniz(“prayer, request, supplication”).

    Thus a variant of obsoleteben(“prayer; petition”) anddoublet ofboon. Cognate withDanishbøn(“prayer”),Dutchban(“curse”),GermanBann(“ban”). More atban.

    Noun

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    bee (pluralbees)

    2. Acontest, especially forspelling; seespelling bee.
      geographybee
    4. A communitygathering to share labour, e.g. a sewing bee or a quilting bee.
      • 1856, Samuel Griswold Goodrich,Recollections of a Lifetime:
        The cellar[…] was dug by abee in a single day.
      • 1973, Alan Skeoch, Tony H. Smith,Canadians and their society, page139:
        There was but little variation in types of buildings in the pioneer period: house, church, store, barn and mill were usually much alike except in size, and a raisingbee was the ordinary means of their erection.
      • 2011 September 21, Tim Blanning, “The reinvention of the night”, inTimes Literary Supplement:
        Particularly resistant, for example, in many parts of northern Europe was the “spinningbee”, a nocturnal gathering of women to exchange gossip, stories, refreshment and – crucially – light and heat, as they spun wool or flax, knitted or sewed.
    Derived terms
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    Translations
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    contest
    gathering
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Englishbie, fromOld Englishbēah,bēag, fromProto-West Germanic*baug, fromProto-Germanic*baugaz.Doublet ofbeag, a learned borrowing; and ofbagel.

    Noun

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    bee (pluralbees)

    2. (obsolete) A ring ortorque; abracelet.
      • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory,Le Morte Darthur, Caxton, Book 7, Chapter xxxv:
        And kyng Arthur gaf her a rychebee of gold and soo she departed
      • 1658, Sir Thomas Browne,Urne-Burial, Penguin, published2005, page16:
        ...restoring unto the world much gold richly adorning his Sword, two hundred Rubies, many hundred Imperial Coynes, three hundred goldenBees, the bones and horseshoe of his horse enterred with him...

    Etymology 4

    [edit]
    A user suggests that this English entry be cleaned up, giving the reason:“Example is not a use of the past participle.”
    Please see the discussion onRequests for cleanup(+) or thetalk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with.

    Variant spellings.

    Verb

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    bee

    1. Obsolete spelling ofbe.
      • 1604, Reverend Cawdrey,Table Aleph:
        held that a ‘Nicholaitan is an heretike, like Nicholas, who held that wiues shouldbee common to all alike.’
    2. (obsolete)pastparticiple ofbe;been

    Etymology 5

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    FromMiddle English[Term?], fromOld Englishbe, fromLatinbe(the name of the letter B).

    Noun

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    bee (pluralbees)

    1. The name of theLatin script letterB/b.
      • 2004, Will Rogers,The Stonking Steps, page170:
        "The ee-vee-ee-ar-en-oh-ee-ell-blank-bee-ell-oh-ess-ess-oh-em-blank-en-ee-cee-tee-ay-ar is especially dee-ee-ell-eye-cee-eye-oh-you-ess." Our friends thanked the spelling bee for his help and then he buzzed off.
    Derived terms
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    Translations
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    name of the letter B, b
    See also
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    Etymology 6

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    Probably fromOld Englishbēah(“ring”). Comparebow.

    Noun

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    bee (pluralbees)

    1. (nautical, usually in theplural) Any of the pieces of hard wood bolted to the sides of thebowsprit, toreeve the fore-topmast stays through.
    Synonyms
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    References

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    1. ^“Archived copy”, in(Please provide the book title or journal name)‎[1], 4 March 2012 (last accessed), archived fromthe original on16 June 2012
    2. ^http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bee%5B3%5D

    Anagrams

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    Afar

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    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈbeː/ [ˈbeː]
    • Hyphenation:bee

    Verb

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    bée (autobenefactivebeeté)

    1. (transitive) totake
    2. (transitive) totake away
    3. (transitive, + l-case) toovercome
    4. (transitive, + l-case) to beangry with

    Conjugation

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        Conjugation ofbee (type II verb)
    1st singular2nd singular3rd singular1st plural2nd plural3rd plural
    mf
    perfectiveV-affirmativebéehbeytéhbéehbeytéhbeynéhbeyteeníhbeeníh
    N-affirmativebéebeytébéebeytébeynébeyténbéen
    negativemábeyinniyomábeyinnitomábeyinnamábeyinnamábeyinninomábeyinnitonmábeyinnon
    imperfectiveV-affirmativebeyáhbeytáhbeyáhbeytáhbeynáhbeytaanáhbeyaanáh
    N-affirmativebeyábeytábeyábeytábeynábeytánbeyán
    negativemábeyamábeytamábeyamábeytamábeynamábeytanmábeyan
    prospectiveV-affirmativebéeliyoh
    béeyyoh    		béelitoh
    béettoh    		béelehbéelehbéelinoh
    béennoh    		béelitoonuh
    béettoonuh    		béeloonuh
    N-affirmativebéeliyo
    béeyyo    		béelito
    béetto    		béelebéelebéelino
    béenno    		béeliton
    béetton    		béelon
    conjunctive IV-affirmativebéyuhbéyuhbéyuhbéyuhbéyuhbeytóonuhbeyóonuh
    N-affirmativebéyubéyubéyubéyubéyubeytónbeyón
    negativebée wáyuhbée wáytuhbée wáyuhbée wáytuhbée wáynuhbée waytóonuhbée wóonuh
    conjunctive IIV-affirmativebeyánkehbeytánkehbeyánkehbeytánkehbeynánkehbeytaanánkehbeyaanánkeh
    N-affirmativebeyánkebeytánkebeyánkebeytánkebeynánkebeytaanánkebeyaanánke
    negativebée wáankehbée waytánkehbée wáankehbée waytánkehbée waynánkehbée waytaanánkehbée wáankeh
    jussiveaffirmativebéyaybéyaybéyaybéyaybéyaybeytóonaybeyóonay
    negativebée wáaybée wáytaybée wáaybée wáytaybée wáynaybée waytóonaybée wóonay
    past
    conditional    		affirmativebeyinniyóybeyinnitóybeyinnáybeyinnáybeyinninóybeyinnitoonúybeyinnoonúy
    negativebée wanniyóybée wannitóybée wannáybée wannáybée wanninóybée wannitoonúybée wanninoonúy
    present
    conditional I    		affirmativebéekbeytékbéekbeytékbeynékbeyteeníkbeeník
    negativebée wéekbée waytékbée wéekbée waytékbée waynékbée wayteeníkbée weeník
    singularpluralsingularplural
    consultativeaffirmativebeyóobeynóoimperativeaffirmativebéybéya
    negativemabeyóomabeynóonegativemábeyinmábeyina
    -h converb-i form-k converb-in(n)uh converb-innuk converbinfinitiveindefinite participle
    V-focusN-focus
    béyahbéyibéyakbeyínnuhbeyínnukbeyíyyabeyináanihbeyináan
    Compound tenses
    dependent verbsequentialperfective +-m
    simultaneousimperfective +-m
    past perfectaffirmative perfective +perfective ofén orsugé
    present perfectaffirmative perfective +imperfective ofén
    future perfectaffirmative perfective +prospective ofsugé
    past progressive-k converb +imperfective ofén orsugé
    present progressiveaffirmative imperfect +imperfective ofén
    future progressive-k converb +prospective ofsugé
    immediate futureaffirmative conjunctive I +imperfective ofwée
    imperfect potential Iaffirmative conjunctive I +imperfective oftakké
    imperfect
    potential II    		affirmativeimperfective +-m +takké
    negativebée +imperfective ofwée +-m +takké
    perfect
    potential    		affirmativeperfective +-m +takké
    negativebée +perfective ofwée +-m +takké
    present
    conditional II    		affirmativeimperfective +object pronoun +tekkék
    negativebée +perfective ofwée +object pronoun +tekkék
    perfect
    conditional    		affirmativeperfective +imperfective ofsugé +-k
    negativeperfective +sugé +imperfective ofwée-k
    irrealisbée +perfective ofxaaxé orraaré

    References

    [edit]
    • E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), “bee”, inAn Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London,→ISBN
    • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015),L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[4], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

    Äiwoo

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    Verb

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    bee

    1. (intransitive) togrow

    References

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    Aukan

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    Etymology

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    FromEnglishbelly.

    Noun

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    bee

    1. belly,stomach
    2. uterus,womb
    3. pregnancy
    4. lineage, family line

    References

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    Dumbea

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    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    bee

    1. fish

    References

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    Estonian

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    Noun

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    bee (genitive[please provide],partitive[please provide])

    1. The name of theLatin script letterB/b.

    Finnish

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    Etymology

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    FromLatinbē.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈbeː/,[ˈbe̞ː]
    • Rhymes:-eː
    • Syllabification(key):bee
    • Hyphenation(key):bee

    Noun

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    bee

    1. The name of theLatin script letterB/b, calledbee in English.

    Usage notes

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    • Speakers often use the corresponding forms ofb-kirjain(“letter B, letter b”) instead of inflecting this word, especially inplural.

    Declension

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    Inflection ofbee (Kotus type 18/maa, no gradation)
    nominativebeebeet
    genitivebeenbeiden
    beitten
    partitivebeetäbeitä
    illativebeehenbeihin
    singularplural
    nominativebeebeet
    accusativenom.beebeet
    gen.been
    genitivebeenbeiden
    beitten
    partitivebeetäbeitä
    inessivebeessäbeissä
    elativebeestäbeistä
    illativebeehenbeihin
    adessivebeelläbeillä
    ablativebeeltäbeiltä
    allativebeellebeille
    essivebeenäbeinä
    translativebeeksibeiksi
    abessivebeettäbeittä
    instructive—bein
    comitativeSee the possessive forms below.
    Possessive forms ofbee(Kotus type 18/maa, no gradation)
    first-person singular possessor
    singularplural
    nominativebeenibeeni
    accusativenom.beenibeeni
    gen.beeni
    genitivebeenibeideni
    beitteni
    partitivebeetänibeitäni
    inessivebeessänibeissäni
    elativebeestänibeistäni
    illativebeehenibeihini
    adessivebeellänibeilläni
    ablativebeeltänibeiltäni
    allativebeellenibeilleni
    essivebeenänibeinäni
    translativebeeksenibeikseni
    abessivebeettänibeittäni
    instructive——
    comitative—beineni
    second-person singular possessor
    singularplural
    nominativebeesibeesi
    accusativenom.beesibeesi
    gen.beesi
    genitivebeesibeidesi
    beittesi
    partitivebeetäsibeitäsi
    inessivebeessäsibeissäsi
    elativebeestäsibeistäsi
    illativebeehesibeihisi
    adessivebeelläsibeilläsi
    ablativebeeltäsibeiltäsi
    allativebeellesibeillesi
    essivebeenäsibeinäsi
    translativebeeksesibeiksesi
    abessivebeettäsibeittäsi
    instructive——
    comitative—beinesi
    first-person plural possessor
    singularplural
    nominativebeemmebeemme
    accusativenom.beemmebeemme
    gen.beemme
    genitivebeemmebeidemme
    beittemme
    partitivebeetämmebeitämme
    inessivebeessämmebeissämme
    elativebeestämmebeistämme
    illativebeehemmebeihimme
    adessivebeellämmebeillämme
    ablativebeeltämmebeiltämme
    allativebeellemmebeillemme
    essivebeenämmebeinämme
    translativebeeksemmebeiksemme
    abessivebeettämmebeittämme
    instructive——
    comitative—beinemme
    second-person plural possessor
    singularplural
    nominativebeennebeenne
    accusativenom.beennebeenne
    gen.beenne
    genitivebeennebeidenne
    beittenne
    partitivebeetännebeitänne
    inessivebeessännebeissänne
    elativebeestännebeistänne
    illativebeehennebeihinne
    adessivebeellännebeillänne
    ablativebeeltännebeiltänne
    allativebeellennebeillenne
    essivebeenännebeinänne
    translativebeeksennebeiksenne
    abessivebeettännebeittänne
    instructive——
    comitative—beinenne

    Synonyms

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    Fula

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.).

    Particle

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    bee(Pular)

    1. itmust, it is necessary that
      iggey yimbe bee bonnii taariinde nde no feewi.
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Dialectal variants

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    See also

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    References

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    Hadza

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    Pronunciation

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    Pronoun

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    bee f pl (masc.bami,masc. pluralbii,fem.bôko)

    1. they (fem. or mixed gender)

    Related terms

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    Hungarian

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    Etymology

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    Anonomatopoeia.

    Pronunciation

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    Interjection

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    bee

    1. baa(sound of asheep)
    2. (childish)a word expressing bragging and mockery between children

    See also

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    Further reading

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    • bee in Nóra Ittzés, editor,A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031(work in progress; publisheda–ez as of 2024).

    Latin

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    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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    Ofimitative origin.

    Interjection

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    bee

    1. baa (sound of a sheep)
      • 116BCE – 27BCE,Marcus Terentius Varro,Agricultural Topics2.1.7, (The spelling "be" is also read in this passage[1]):
        ...vox earum non me, sedbee sonare videtur...
        ...their bleating seems to give the sound "baa" and not "maa"...

    References

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    1. ^Heinrich Keil, editor (1884),M. Terenti Varronis Rervm rvsticarvm libri tres, volume 1, Leipzig: Teubner,page136

    Further reading

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    • “bee”, inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879),A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “bee”, inGaffiot, Félix (1934),Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

    Mandinka

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    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    bee

    1. (anatomy)vagina

    Manx

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    FromOld Irishbíad(“food”). Cognate withIrishbia andScottish Gaelicbiadh.

    Noun

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    bee m (pluralbeeghyn)

    1. food,provisions,nourishment

    Etymology 2

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    Verb

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    bee

    1. inflection ofve:
      1. future
      2. second-personsingularimperative

    Mutation

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    Mutation ofbee
    radicallenitioneclipsis
    beeveemee

    Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Manx.
    All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

    Middle English

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    bee

    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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      FromOld Englishbēo, fromProto-West Germanic*biju, fromProto-Germanic*bijō.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

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      bee (pluralbeen orbees)

      1. Abee(insect that collects pollen)
        • a.1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, inThe Canterbury Tales, lines1693–1696:
          Right so asbees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...
          Just likebees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...

      Descendants

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      References

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      Navajo

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      Pronunciation

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      Postposition

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      bee

      1. with,by means of, by means of it

      Inflection

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      Forms of bee
      singularduoplural
      1st personsheenihee
      2nd personneenihee
      3rd personbee
      4th person (3o)yee
      4th person (3a)hee
      4th person (3i)ee—
      reflexiveádee—
      reciprocal—ahee

      Derived terms

      [edit]

      Old Irish

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      Verb

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      bee

      1. second-personsingularpresentsubjunctiveabsolute ofat·tá

      Romanian

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      Interjection

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      bee

      1. obsolete form ofbehehe

      References

      [edit]
      • bee in Academia Română,Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010.→ISBN

      San Juan Guelavía Zapotec

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      bee

      1. ant

      References

      [edit]
      • López Antonio, Joaquín; Jones, Ted; Jones, Kris (2012),Vocabulario breve del Zapoteco de San Juan Guelavía‎[5] (in Spanish), second electronic edition, Tlalpan, D.F.:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., pages13, 25

      Saterland Frisian

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      Etymology

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      FromOld Frisianbēthe, fromProto-Germanic*bai(“both”) +*sa(“the”). Cognates includeWest Frisianbeide andGermanbeide.

      Pronunciation

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      Determiner

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      bee

      1. both

      Pronoun

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      bee

      1. both

      Usage notes

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      • When used pronominally referring to two people (rather than objects or animals), the pluralbeeën is used.

      References

      [edit]
      • Marron C. Fort (2015), “bee”, inSaterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske,→ISBN

      Swahili

      [edit]

      Pronunciation

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      Interjection

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      bee

      1. alternative form ofabee

      Tetum

      [edit]
      bee

      Alternative forms

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      Etymology

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      FromProto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian*waiʀ, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*wahiʀ.

      Noun

      [edit]

      bee

      1. water(clear liquid H₂O)

      Võro

      [edit]

      Noun

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      bee (genitive[please provide],partitive[please provide])

      1. The name of theLatin script letterB/b.

      Inflection

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      This noun needs aninflection-table template.

      Yola

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      Etymology 1

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      FromMiddle Englishby, fromOld Englishbi, fromProto-West Germanic*bī. Cognates includeEnglishby andScotsby.

      Alternative forms

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      Pronunciation

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      Preposition

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      bee

      1. by[1]

      Etymology 2

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      Verb

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      bee

      1. alternative form ofba(“to be”)
        • 1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, inTHE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page129, lines15[2]:
          Maabee haghed i more caar an angish than Ich."
          Maybe upset in more care and hardship than I."
        • 1927, “ZONG O DHREE YOLA MYTHENS”, inTHE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page131, lines13[2]:
          Wu canna gowbee chapaal gaat,
          We cannot goto the chapel gate
      2. alternative form ofba(“are”)
        • 1927, “ZONG O DHREE YOLA MYTHENS”, inTHE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page131, lines1[2]:
          Haar weebee dhree yola mydes,
          Here weare three old maids,
      3. alternative form ofba(“was”)
        • 1867,CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page114, lines21-23[1]:
          Ye pace——yea, we mai zei, ye vaste pace whilkebee ee-stent owr ye londe zince th'ast ee-cam,
          The peace——yes, we may say the profound peace—which overspreads the land since your arrival,

      References

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      1. ↑1.01.1Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867,page25
      2. ↑2.02.12.2Kathleen A. Browne (1927), “THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD.”, inJournal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of lreland (Sixth Series)‎[2], volume17, number 2, Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
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