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beam

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:BeamandBEAM

English

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishbeem, fromOld Englishbēam(tree, cross, gallows, column, pillar, wood, beam, splint, post, stock, rafter, piece of wood), fromProto-West Germanic*baum, fromProto-Germanic*baumaz(tree, beam, balk), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰew-(to grow, swell).

Cognate withNorth FrisianBoom,buum(tree),Saterland FrisianBoom(tree),West Frisianbeam(tree),Cimbrianpome,póom,puam(tree),Dutchboom(tree),German Low GermanBoom(tree),GermanBaum(tree),LuxembourgishBam(tree),Mòchenopa'm(tree),Vilamovianbaojm(tree),Yiddishבוים(boym,tree),Danish,Norwegian Bokmål,Norwegian Nynorsk,Swedishbom(beam),Icelandicbaðmur(tree),Gothic𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃(bagms,tree),Albanianbimë(a plant).Doublet ofboom.

The original English meaning ofbeam ("tree") is preserved in some compound words such asquickbeam.

The verb is fromMiddle Englishbemen, fromOld Englishbēamian(to shine, to cast forth rays or beams of light), from the noun.

Woodenbeams at the ceiling of a room

Pronunciation

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Noun

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beam (pluralbeams)

  1. (structural) Any largepiece oftimber oriron long in proportion to its thickness, and prepared for use.
    • 1611,The Holy Bible, [] (King James Version), London: [] Robert Barker, [],→OCLC,Nehemiah2:8:
      And a letter vnto Asaph the keeper of the kings forrest, that he may giue me timber to makebeames for the gates of the palace which appertained to the house, and for the wall of the Citie, and for the house that I shall enter into: And the king granted me, according to the good hand of my God vpon me.
  2. (structural) One of the principalhorizontalstructuralmembers, usually ofsteel,timber, orconcrete, of abuilding.
  3. (nautical) One of thetransversemembers of aship'sframe on which thedecks are laid, and acting as part of the support for keeping the sides of the vessel in shape —supported at the sides byknees inwooden ships and bystringers insteel ones; cf.abeam,beam-ends.
    • 1805 Alexander Tilloch. Account of a terrible Hurricane in the West Indies 1804. Philosophical Magazine. Vol. XXI. P. 14
      Capt. King, from Demarara, wasinvaded by thegale on the evening of the 6th, in lat. 21° 51', and his vessel was thrown on herbeam ends. He was forced to cut away hermain-mast. Lost a man, who was washed overboard.
      . . .
      Capt. Mood, on a voyage from Alexandria (Virginia), to St. Mary's (Georgia), was, on the night of the 7th, in the Gulf Stream, to the eastward of Charlston: the wind there was east-north-east, and so hard as to throw his vessel on herbeam ends. She lay several hours in thissituation. Several of his crew were washed overboard.
    • 1808 Richard Hall Gower. On the Theory and Practice of Seamanship.
      It often happens that by a suddensquall of wind a vessel is thrown over upon herbeam ends, without a prospect ofrecovering hererect while she remains upon the sametack, thereforeattempts are made toveer her; but as therudder lies along the surface of the water it becomes useless, and as the sails are either blown from theyards, or becomeunmanageable,recourse is had to cutting away the main-mast andmizen-mast, that the ship may veer under the fore-mast:-a most desperateexpedient, particularly if the ship is far distant from port!
  4. (nautical) The maximum width of avessel (note that a vessel with a beam of 15 foot can also be said to be 15 footabeam).
    Synonym:breadth
    This ship has morebeam than that one.
  5. (nautical) The direction across avessel, perpendicular tofore-and-aft.
    As the vessel passes a landmark, the landmark is said to beabeam. Once the vessel has passed the landmark, it fallsabaft thebeam, then it gradually fallsastern.
  6. (nautical) The straight part orshank of ananchor.
  7. (mechanical) Thecrossbar of a mechanicalbalance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended.
  8. (mechanical) Insteam engines, a heavy ironlever having anoscillating motion on a central axis, one end of which is connected with thepiston rod from which it receives motion, and the other with thecrank of the wheelshaft.
    Synonyms:working beam,walking beam
  9. (agricultural) The central bar of aplow, to which thehandles andcolter are secured, and to the end of which are attached the oxen or horses that draw it.
  10. (physics) Aray orcollection of approximately parallelrays emitted from the sun or other luminous body.
    abeam of light
    abeam of energy
    • c.1596–1598 (date written),W[illiam] Shakespeare,The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. [] (First Quarto),[London]: [] J[ames] Roberts [forThomas Heyes], published1600,→OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
      That light we ſee is burning in my hall: / How farre that little candle throws hisbeames, / So ſhines a good deed in a naughty world.
    • 1829,Edgar Allan Poe, “Tamerlane”, inAl Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems:
      What tho’ the moon—the white moon
      Shed all the splendour of her noon,
      Her smile is chilly—and herbeam,
      In that time of dreariness, will seem
      (So like you gather in your breath)
      A portrait taken after death.
    • 2011 September 22, Nick Collins, “Speed of light 'broken' by scientists”, inDaily Telegraph[1]:
      A total of 15,000beams of neutrinos were fired over a period of 3 years from CERN towards Gran Sassoin Italy, 730km (500 miles) away, where they were picked up by giant detectors.
  11. (anatomical, informal) The principal stem of theantler of a deer.
  12. (anatomical, informal) One of the longfeathers in the wing of ahawk.
    Synonym:beam feather
  13. (literary) Thepole of acarriage or chariot.
    • a 1700,André Dacier,John Dryden, “Life of Alexander”, inPlutarch's Lives, translation of original by Plutarch:
      Soon after this be subdued thePisidians who made head against him, and conquered thePhrygians, at whose chief cityGordium (which is said to have been the seat of the ancientMidas) he saw the famous chariot fastened with cords made of the bark of theCornel-Tree, and was informed that the inhabitants had a constant tradition, that the empire of the world was reserved for him who should untie the knot. Most are of opinion, thatAlexander finding that he could not untie it, because the ends of it were secretly folded up within it, cut it asunder with his sword, so that several ends appeared. ButAristobulus tells us that he very easily undid it, by only pulling the pin out of thebeam which fastened the yoke to it, and afterwards drawing out the yoke itself.
  14. (textiles) Acylinder ofwood, making part of aloom, on which weavers wind thewarp beforeweaving and the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is woven.
  15. (figuratively) A ray; agleam.
    abeam of hope, or of comfort
  16. (music) A horizontal bar which connects thestems of two or morenotes to group them and to indicatemetric value.
  17. (railway) An elevated rectangular dirt pile used to cheaply build an elevated portion of a railway.
  18. (gymnastics)Ellipsis ofbalance beam.
  19. Abroadsmile.
    • 2023 September 3, Phil McNulty, “Declan Rice: The game-changing midfielder Arsenal need for title challenge”, inBBC Sport[2]:
      He could barely remove thebeam from his face when he said: "Arsenal is a massive club and you feel the pressure but I try to put in performances.

Hyponyms

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(structural element):

(textiles):

Derived terms

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Translations

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large piece of timber or iron
principal horizontal beam in a building
transverse member of a ship's frame
maximum width of a vessel
crossbar of a balance
principal stem of an antler
pole of a carriage
part of a loomseewarp beam
shank of an anchor
bar of a plow
working beam
ray
hawk's wing feather
connector of notes
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

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Verb

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beam (third-person singular simple presentbeams,present participlebeaming,simple past and past participlebeamed)

  1. (ambitransitive) Toemitbeams oflight; toshine; toradiate.
    tobeam forth light
    • 2019, Justin Blackburn,The Bisexual Christian Suburban Failure Enlightening Bipolar Blues, page23:
      Jesusbeams golden light from his solar plexus into Eric's root chakra.
  2. (intransitive, figuratively) Tosmilebroadly or especiallycheerfully.
    tobeam with pride
  3. (transitive) Tofurnish orsupply withbeams.
  4. (transitive) To give theappearance ofbeams to.
  5. (transitive, science fiction) Totransmitmatter orinformation via a high-techwireless mechanism.
    Beam me up, Scotty; there's no intelligent life down here.
    The injured crewmembers were immediatelybeamed to sickbay.
    • 2010, “Beam Me Up”, inWalking the Midnight Streets, performed by Midnight Magic:
      Beam me up (x4) / Beam me up town / Beam me down (x3) / Beam me back downtown
  6. (transitive, computing) Totransmit, especially by directwireless means such asinfrared.
    • 1996, Eric S. Raymond, Guy L. Steele,The New Hacker's Dictionary, page208:
      Tobeam a file using the File Transfer Protocol.
    • 2002, Michael Miller,10 Minute Guide to Pocket PC 2002, page74:
      Tobeam a file to another Pocket PC, follow these steps:[]
  7. (transitive, currying) Tostretch something (for example, an animalhide) on abeam.
  8. (transitive, weaving) To put (something) on abeam.
  9. (transitive, music) Toconnect (musicalnotes) with abeam, or thick line, inmusicnotation.

Derived terms

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Translations

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to emit light
to smile broadly
to furnish with beams
scifi: to transmit over high-tech wireless mechanism
currying: to stretch on a beam
weaving: to put on a beam

Descendants

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Anagrams

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German

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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beam

  1. singularimperative ofbeamen

Middle English

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Noun

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beam

  1. (Northern or Early Middle English)alternative form ofbeem

Old English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*baum.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bēam m

  1. tree
    • Laws ofKing Ine
      Ðonne monbēam on wuda forbǣrne, ⁊ weorðe yppe on þone ðe hit dȳde, ġielde hē fulwīte: ġeselle LX sċill., forþamþe fȳr bið þēof.
      If a man burns up atree in a forest, and it becomes known who did it, he shall pay a full fine: he shall pay sixty shillings, for fire is a thief.
    Synonym:trēow
  2. beam of wood
  3. gallows
    Synonyms:ġealga,rōd
  4. (by extension) theCross
    • Codex Vercillensis
      Wæs sēbēam bōcstafum āwriten.
      Thetree was inscribed with letters.

Declension

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Stronga-stem:

singularplural
nominativebēambēamas
accusativebēambēamas
genitivebēamesbēama
dativebēamebēamum

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Romanian

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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beam

  1. first-personsingular/pluralimperfectindicative ofbea

West Frisian

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Etymology

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FromOld Frisianbām, fromProto-West Germanic*baum.

Cognate withDutchboom,Englishbeam,GermanBaum.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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beam c (pluralbeammen,diminutivebeamke)

  1. tree
  2. beam

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • beam”, inWurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch),2011
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