FromMiddle English be- bi- Old English be- ( “ be- ” ) , fromProto-Germanic *bi- ( “ be- ” ) , fromProto-Germanic *bi ( “ near, by ” ) , ultimately fromProto-Indo-European *h₁epi ( “ at, near ” ) . Seeby
Cognate withSaterland Frisian bi- ( “ be- ” ) ,West Frisian be- ( “ be- ” ) ,Dutch be- ( “ be- ” ) ,German Low German be- ( “ be- ” ) ,German be- ( “ be- ” ) ,Danish be- ( “ be- ” ) ,Swedish be- ( “ be- ” ) . More atby
be-
( rare or no longerproductive ) By ,near ,next to ,around ,close to .be leaguerbe standbe setbe sit( rare or no longerproductive ) Around ;about .be gatherbe laybe lookbe stirbe livebe smellbe wrap( rare or no longerproductive ) About ,regarding ,concerning ,over .be writebe talkbe tellbe liebe moanbe mournbe wailbe knowbe singbe speak( rare or no longerproductive ) On ,upon ,at ,to , incontact with something.be clothebe callbe seebe holdbe fallbe dobe shinebe smilebe tone( rare or no longerproductive ) Off ,away ,over ,across be cutbe dealbe takebe gobe headbe limbbe nimbe reavebe sleevebe trunk( rare or no longerproductive ) intensifier ; i.e.thoroughly ,excessively ;completely ;utterly .be breakbe gladdenbe labourbe lovebe hatebe smirchbe dazzlebe siegebe fuddle( rare or no longerproductive ) around ;about ;abundantly ;all over .be lavebe lickbe scatterbe kiss( rare or no longerproductive ) Formingverbs derived fromnouns oradjectives , usually with the sense of "to make, become, or cause to be". be calmbe darkbe freebe friendbe dimbe kenbe nightbe nothingbe wetbe smoothbe strange( archaic or informal ) Used to intensify adjectives meaning "adorned with something", often those with the suffix-ed .be sequinedbe featheredbe clawedbe webbedbe tasseledbe loved2010 October 17,Hadley Freeman , “Tattoos: what makes one spiritual and another Katona-esque?”, inThe Guardian [1] Similarly, one could argue that if thesebe- tattooed yogic folk were really so spiritual, they wouldn't feel the need to inform everyone else of this or remind themselves of it, via the medium of the tattoo.
FromDutch be- Middle Dutch be- Old Dutch bi- Proto-Germanic *bi-
be-
Used to indicate that a verb is acting on a direct object (making an intransitive verb into atransitive verb). Always unstressed. Used to change the direct object of a transitive verb, so that what was previously expressed as an optional prepositional object becomes the direct object and vice versa. Always unstressed. pyle op die diereskiet → die diere met pylebeskiet toshoot arrows at the animals Not separable. When forming past participles, generally not prepended withge-
FromMiddle Low German be- Old Saxon bi-
be-
Forms adjectives from nouns, with the sense "having noun".hår behåret hjerte behjertet Forms verbs from adjectives, with the sense "making" (adjective);-ify .svanger besvangre rolig berolige Prepends to verbs, having no effect save making the verb transitivetvivle betvivle kæmpe bekæmpe Verbs formed withbe- are transitive. Many such words are formed afterMiddle Low German
FromMiddle Dutch be- bi- Old Dutch bi- be- Proto-Germanic *bi- Proto-Germanic *bi ( “ near, by ” ) , ultimately fromProto-Indo-European *h₁epi ( “ at, near ” ) .
Cognate withSaterland Frisian be- ( “ be- ” ) ,West Frisian be- ( “ be- ” ) ,English be- German Low German be- ( “ be- ” ) ,German be- ( “ be- ” ) ,Swedish be- ( “ be- ” ) .
be-
Used to indicate that a verb is acting on a direct object (making an intransitive verb into atransitive verb). Always unstressed. Used to change the direct object of a transitive verb, so that what was previously expressed as an optional prepositional object becomes the direct object and vice versa. Always unstressed. huizen op een landbouwen → een land met huizenbebouwen tobuild houses on a land FromMiddle High German be- Old High German bi- Proto-Germanic *bi- Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi
be-
inseparable verbal prefix that signifies working on something or change of state inseparable verbal prefix that signifies touching the object inseparable verbal prefix that signifies discussing or mentioning the object Verbs with this prefix very often take an object in theaccusative case . The prefix can be used to convert an intransitive verb into a transitive verb, examples: be-
( verbal prefix ) in ( it indicates actions withinward direction ) Antonym: ki- be- + megy ( “ to go ” ) → be megy( “ to go into ” ) be-
Alternative form ofber- FromMiddle Dutch be- bi- Old Dutch bi- be- Proto-Germanic *bi-
be-
Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies working on something or change of state. Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies touching the object. Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies discussing or mentioning the object. The verb with this prefix takes very often adirect object (i.e., an object in theaccusative case ). Prefix form ofbè ( “ without ” ) .
be-
prefix form ofbè without ,-less FromMiddle High German Old High German bi- Proto-Germanic *bi- *bi
be-
Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies working on something or change of state. Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies touching the object. Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies discussing or mentioning the object. FromOld Dutch bi- be- Proto-Germanic *bi-
be-
A verb prefix with a variety of meanings. be-
Alternative form ofbi- FromOld Saxon bi- Proto-Germanic *bi- bî ( “ by ” ) .
be-
Makes anintransitive verbtransitive or denotes that the action is targeted at something or accompanying something. vallen (to fall) →bevallen (befall, afflict)singen (to sing) →besingen (to sing about something; to sing for the merit of something)bischop besingen – to ordain someone as bishop while chantingDenoteson top ,onto , often used to createfigurative meanings.sitten (to sit) →besitten (to sit on top of; toown ; to climb onto something; toacquire ) Denotesnext to , very close.bûwen (to build) →bebûwen (to build too close to something else; tobesiege ) be-
his ,her (indicates secondary oralienable possession, in opposition tobi- akʼah beʼakʼah An unstressed form ofbī Proto-Germanic *bi-
be-
a productive prefix usually used to form verbs and adjectives, especially: verbs with the sense "around, throughout"; transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns This prefix is always unstressed, in both nouns and verbs. The stressed nominal counterpart isbī- be-
Alternative form ofbi- IPA (key ) : /bɛ/ ,( stressed ) /²beː/ be-
same as Germanbe- In many cases thebe- Adolf Noreen , later alsoErik Wellander ) successfully promoted the idea that this prefix should be dropped from such words, for examplebefrämja främja
be-
Form used before a verb beginning with the lettere ofba- be- + efubika ( “ to cover oneself ” ) → beefubika ( “ they cover themselves ” ) Inherited fromChagatai بی Classical Persian بیـ ( bē- ) .
be-
-less Synonym: -siz be-
Used to make an indirect object a direct object. Strengthens the meaning of the radical. Implies causing or conferring the meaning of the radical. FromMandarin 不
be-
not ;negates the existence of an action or state conveyed by a verb or adjective, in practice chiefly used as negation in the present or future. bai- ( derives a negative command ) mi- ( negates the completion of an action ) Juha Janhunen , Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008 )Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume466 , LINCOM Europa,→ISBN Erika Sandman (2016 )A Grammar of Wutun [2] →ISBN (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
be-
Class 2 simple noun prefix, used with nouns whose full prefix isabe- 
